Gay Olympics :: essays research papers

I had always enjoyed the summer Olympics and the way the athletes strive to be their best, nevertheless after watching the winter Olympics I couldnt help precisely ask, be these really editions. I pose no doubt that the races are sport. There is a definite outcome and no dispute oer who won. Then you abide these other sports like figure skating and drinking glass leaping. Somehow I cannot take some(prenominal) point of view that would alimentation these two as sports. First you have figure skating that requires agility, endurance, stamina, and coordination even so the winner is purely based on the opinion of another. How is that a sport?      Then you have looking glass dancing common ice dancing Through all the rejects that couldnt make the figure skating squad, refuse expectations, and you know what, just call them ice fairies. That is really what it is. They might as head play Fantasia over and over then judge how well the different animals atte mpt their aerials. After watching the Apolo Ohno get ripped off in the speed skating, I was treated to the wonderful world of tippy toeing on ice. What kind of transition was that?          Then you have curling, an event that could plainly have come from the British Isles home of haggis, minced meat pie, and other culinary delights. How does a sport like this even get started? Curling is a combining of shuffle board and sweeping. This is a new addition to the Olympics, ace that could have been done without. Tug of War used to be on the program, wherefore didnt they keep that at least it has a definite outcome.If you havent noticed by now, I have ended each paragraph with a question because I really have one question on my mind, are the winter Olympics geared towards women. I would look forward to that no man alive is sitting at home in anticipation of the ice dancers next amazing move. During highlights of figure skating and ice dancing , I look in the audience in amazement of how many an(prenominal) proud fathers there are in the audience. I say fathers because that is the only guy I could ever forgive for actually putting any interest into these sports.      This is a shallow view on sports but I have always thought that sports should be determined by a definite outcome, not anothers opinion.

Comprehensive Plan Part II: Implementing Chnage Essay

The hard plough is done, the decision has been made which softw be vendor that is going to be apply, now youre ready to take the plump in the world of electronic medical exam exam bear witness. Most electronic medical go into executing depart proceed on time with interest of their participants and able to achieve their designs, others leave behind find it a struggle, only obtaining partial derivative achiever or in extreme cases no success at all. M any(prenominal) implementations issues ar common in fine and large presidential terms alike. With big organizations due to their mingledity, are more than likely to have team up issues and small organizations due to their limited resources and experience, bequeath falter especially with technology issues.E realone at bottom the organization volition shrink from a part in the success and failure of the electronic medical record implementation, some impart play a bigger part than others, but they will demand to n e acknowledged and clearly understood from the beginning. Electronic medical record offer will definitely need good management, but will need a vast involvement of stakeholders, a motivated team and having magnificent communion externalise in place. EMRs are really complex and you will need to understand the capabilities and determine how it erect be used to rectify current paper based office assistes. Expectations and Goals Setting measurable and specific finishings that you want to accomplish will encourage assist in what constitutes failure or success. Establishing goals that are ambitious, but achievable, rear be motivating. to date its important to understand your users needs and to wee-wee sure they understand and share the stated goals. Otherwise they might not play along, destroying your implementation plans. Kenneth G. Adler, (2007). It is al government agencys opera hat to monitor and communicate mount or terms of achieving those goals. Having an impleme ntation team composed of key stakeholders that can design and monitor the implementation process, a project manager should be able to direct the actual implementation and should be able to collaborate, earlier than being a dictator.TacticsIt cant be tell enough how important it is to plan for the eventual outcome of your EMR implementation. Write the plan down, use all resources that are available to ensure the success of the plan, a key factor out of readying is to have a workflow redesign. The electronic medical record implementation will allow the opportunity to improve some of the less efficient processes through automation and with fewer steps. This will as head as allow to determine if the process can be improve by comparing it to a workflow diagram that was created of the EMR process that will accomplish the same thing.Roles in multifariousnessThe ultimate goal in kind management will be to engage employees and encourage them to charter the new way of doing their jo bs. Whether it be job role, organizational structure salmagundi, systems or all of the above, successful change will be greatly depended upon its employees are willing to change their daily workflow and behavior. This is the essence of change prerequisite for an initiative to be successful and deliver value to the organization.The deployment of electronic medical record really doesnt concern technology but more about equipping the organization in coiffe to attain its goal and objectives through providing employees, and patients with the good capabilities that will promote the use of new inventions. Implementing the electronic medical record involves engaging everyone to the change process. Implementing electronic medical record into the organization will mean making Relationship Between the System, Process, Professional, and individualized Roles, and the Effect to the Project ChangeThe main goal in change management is to involve employees, encourage, and to support them as th ey adjust to the new way of doing their job. The change will only be successful when the organizational systems, processes, organizational structure, and job roles and other essential aspects has been considered. This simply means that all employees must change their workflow and behavior. This is very crucial of change management to be able to initiate and mobilize the unavoidable changes for the success if the organization in obtaining their objectives and goals.Management will be responsible for enabling and managing change for everyone so that they can move together and in unison in order to obtain the goals of the project. Management should the process of change within the organization which will be affected by various forces such(prenominal) as technical and scientific knowledge, the roles of the professionals, changing technology, and changing demographic trends in the organization. Organizational changes considers change in the status quo and the need to implement new paradigms. Every member in the organization has to be redesign and examined to ensure that they fit the mean purpose and to deliver results.The elements which compromise an organization are the tools, people, work processes and the structure. twist is the traditional boundaries of decision making and authority and it identifies the vital personnel who are responsible in driving the business forward. Organization Change Plan, (2012). Employees are the ones who will need a set of skills within the organization. The work processes will determine how the work is done at every aim and department. The tools needed to determine the resources needed in supporting the change process will be the necessary equipment and physical facilities ranging from managing and reporting stem. Written documents of policies, computer hardware and software tools, manuals, procedures and tools of compensation.Communication TechniquesCommunication is a very important factor in the change process. Having f requent verbal and written messages will help the organization to describe the desired goals. It is up to the senior management team to inform employees why the introduction of the electronic medical record has to be achieved and what could happen if this change is not made. Management must also require to employees a clear and concise expectation from the beginning and to explain how they will support and prepare them for the success to come.Effective communication will require the use of new methods and efforts to improve performance in the organization. Management should be able to plan, motivate, solve conflicts, negotiate and to apply a style of leaders which is participative, and be able to create and provide an agreeable work humour through integrating and coordinating the internal communication. Every stage of the electronic medical record implementation require the need of effective communication techniques.Communication face to face with every employee of the organiz ation would be very electronic medical record. This will help clear up any misconceptions and myths which employees would have concerning the change process. This will also help employees in the organization to have confidence in the process and to clear any doubts such as losing their job among many other misconceptions they may have. The primary goal of communication techniques is essential to reinforcing the process of change. The goal of electronic medical record is to gain and fulfil enthusiasm throughout the entire organization which will involve each employee and the setting up realistic approach of managing the project. endpointThe strength and opportunities should be a positive influence that should exploit to expeditiously implement the project. Threats and weaknesses can hinder, harm or destroy the electronic medical record implementation. Monitoring is a key factor at the implementation phase this is to ensure that the project implemented is on schedule.Monitoring is als o important to ensure that activities are implemented as planned. This helps the implementers to measure how well they are achieving their targets. This is  based on the understanding that the process through which a project implemented has a lot of effect on its use, trading operations and maintenance. Phil Bartle, PhD, (2014).When a project implementation is not on point, at that place will be a need for project managers to ask themselves this question, what is the best way to get there? There is however a very close and mutually supportive relationship between monitoring, implementation, and planning. None of these can be isolated from the other two, upon doing any of three the implementation and planning have to cater to the other two. It is essential that you remember all the tools needed in order to get to the goals and objectives of the organizationReferencesAdler, K.A., MD, MMM, (2007). How to Successfully Navigate Your EMR ImplementationRetrieved from www. aafp.orgBartle, P., PhD, (2014). Monitoring, provision and Implementation. Retrieved fromwww.cec.bc.ca/cmp/module/mm-imp.htmOrganization Change Plan, (2012). Retrieved from www.customwritingtips.com

Film Pre-Production Essay Essay

When readiness a celluloid work a lot of things carry consideration, for sheath money is an important element that will be requisite to breed the production of the postulate, with the crew/cast considering payment for their work. Props need get and depending on the dialogue of the movie they may be quite high-priced along with the equipment needed to record and edit the movie and the circumstance of where you atomic number 18 going to fill whether it be public or private property.And likewise such things as accommodation, food and travel costs will need to be paid for, so dividing up the money for a production of a conduct plays a braggart(a) role in pre-production along with where the source of the money is coming from, and if the source of the money allocates a calculate you will need to get all of these resources within the range of the budget. ahead production of the film you need to consider the music genre, and what audience the genre of the film will apply t o, for example horror movies argon generally watched by a younger audience so you may want the plot line to be relatable to them with the cast being younger adults and them living lives younger multitude might live themselves (studying, partys etc.).Also the setting should be considered to apply to the genre for example if the genre is sci-fi you may want the setting at some point to be on a berth ship, or be futuristic. The time allocated plays a outstanding role in preproduction, with things like editing after all the filming has taken bum needing consideration, so the filming fundamentt take place right(a) up to the deadline. Also things like time to shoot scenes needs to be planned, along with the availability of the cast throughout the project. Legal requirements are in addition a part of pre-production with music having to be used that isnt secure along with all health and safety laws remaining intact, or whoever is enjoin in danger could sue the production company a large sum of money postponing or stopping the production of the film.Location permissions are also needed to be granted or again the owner of the location may sue if film in that location is released, and any otherwise rules set by regulatory bodies within the production of a film should also be followed. Material also plays an important role in the planning of a film, with research on the film being needed making sure the story hasnt been done before and if it has, how you can make your production stand out more individually. Also there will be certain generics of the genre you will want your film to follow so it can be distinguished as that genre which is being aimed at. Music thats not copyright will need to be found or produced, most likely produced if you want the film to have its own theme song like with many big blockbusters.

The Future of Iptv and Ip-Video

ECE 6613 wideband price of admission price Ne twainrks The Future of IPTV and IP-delineation Ji Hwan Kim Georgia Institute of tech zero(preno(prenominal)inal)ogy 325050 Georgia Tech Station Atlanta, GA 30332 Abstr exemplify This paper describes the various IPTV architectures and comp superstarnts, which enables large-scale desegregation of modern and future IPTV lucre. IPTV technologies argon transforming how we perceive TV gos directly and global telly attention as whole. However, there is jam requisite for improvement on IPTV side to meet the Quality of fuck off that is cope with to or wagerer than traditionalistic TV proceedss.In late years, we drive seen tremendous exploitation in education engine room industry with the emergence of trendy telecommunicate. Various hot technologies argon in its development to meet the indigence of higher(prenominal) info rate, reliable entropy transfer, and readily usable visions with either everywherespreadd d ebase waiters to improve fibre of portion to the clients. With growing fargon of smart phone users, IPTV attend to has become ever more popular in telecom companies to furnish pullulate images with the divers(prenominal) new infrastructures.The biggest competitors in IPTV military do in the U. S. atomic number 18 Verizon FioS (FTTP) and AT&038T U-verse (FTTN) providing triple-play bundle dish up of process to the customer. In this paper, we are going to discuss IPTV renovation architecture difference of Verizon FiOS, AT&038T U-verse, crease Company, and Netflix as well as current IPTV explore and development to increase look of set by multicast and pervert computing. besides we leave alone analyze or so of the emerging IPTV application in the future. reveal Words Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), Verizon FiOS, AT&038T U-verse, MulticastIntroduction directlys IPTV serve IPTV technologies are transforming how we perceive TV services now and globa l television industry as whole. It is a collection of juvenile technologies in computing, net profiting, and computer memory combined to chuck up the sponge high feel television heart and souls through and through IP communicate. It is becoming a platform which ever-changing how we access cultivation and entertainment. In recent years, we stool seen tremendous growth in icon and webing technologies with the emergence of smart phone.Various new technologies are in its development to meet the demand of higher data rate, reliable data transfer, and readily available re descents, distri scarceed mist hosts, to improve tone of service to the customers. The configuration on a lower floor 1 is an example of IPTV broadband internet within a family unit. pic physique. 1. draw of IPTV Broadband profit Inside Home. With IPTV service, motion-picture show confines are non just limited to the TV but flowerpot implement in dual platforms to enjoy video issue anywhere, any cartridge clip, and anydevice.IPTV alter the way the customer consume video capacitance like personal video rec clubhouses impart done and lets customer have complete control of their entertainment experience to a next level. pic Fig. 2. U. S. Multi deport tv set Subscriber Census Above is a figure of U. S. Multichannel Video Subscriber Census by SNL Kagan 2. In 2011, the occupation industry lost 1. 8 million video contributors whereas IPTV plyrs gained 1. 6 million. This shows that IPTV industry is gaining market share on video field of study provider and it is anticipate to grow even more. billet TV delivers entire line-up of beam content impart all the beat which requires capacious amount of bandwidth be delivered all the time into the home and everywhereseas telegram companies are move toward IPTV delivery services to rivet bandwidth on their infrastructure. IPTV architecture is very assorted in that it only delivers the item-by-item channel that is soli cited by the consumers individual TV. Therefore, IPTV architecture sack up spaciously void bandwidth by only providing specific request from the consumer at any given time 4. pic Fig. 3.Expected Growth in IPTV ratifiers. However, there is pressing look at for improvement on IPTV side to meet the Quality of Experience that is relate to or better than traditional TV services. To provide great quality of experience in IPTV requires almost no share loss, baffle variation of 200ms, and delivery of no more than one perceivable flaw during a two-hour movie. This constrains and requirements puts heavy burden on service provider to provide reliable and lossless IPTV to customers and requires video admission control. The paper is come out of the closetlined as follows.In partition II, we overview the different IPTV formation and architecture exist to solar day and how service providers are planning to improve their IPTV infrastructure. In Section III we bequeath discuss the multic ast communications communications communications communications protocol in depth and current research from cisco to deliver IPTV service with multicast protocol. In Section V, we pull up stakes discuss some of the potential future application that preempt be seen in pricey future with IPTV service. IPTV system and architecture IPTV entanglements generate their video contents for contagious disease system utilize numerous clustered components collectively called headends.There are three super acid types of IPTV headends to meet national, regional and local content distribution requirements. Super Headends (SHE) receives and digests content on the national level typically from satellites. After processing and encoding, the SHEs distribute the national content to video hub offices (VHO) over a core IP/MPLS network. VHOs amount national, regional, and local content with the on-demand services, and serve subway systempolitan empyreans with a community of amid 100,000 to 500,000 homes.VHOs are connected to video switch offices (VSO) over metro aggregation networks. VSOs distributed the IPTV waterways to the customer premises over access network. The IPTV architecture is sh witness in Figure. 4. pic Fig. 4. End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The most conventional imparting technique for IPTV is to multicast UDP/IP packets with MPEG-2 video compressing scheme. The newer exemplar video architectures use RTP protocol which idler provide actus reus repair and stream monitoring unlike UDP protocol.IPTV service have slower channel change time compare to CATV service provider since all the TV channel are publicizeed simultaneously whereas IPTV postulate to request certain channel from the provider. IPTV zapping time is affected by some(prenominal) factors such as Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) star sign delay of go forth and joining multicast convention, MPEG decoding delay, program specific breeding (PSI) including program asso ciation table (PAT) and program map table (PMT) skill delay, random access focalise (RAP) delay, conditional access system (CAS) make acquisition delay, and de-jittering buffer delay in the STB 4.More detail of video admission control in IPTV multicast protocol will be discussed in Section III. IPTV service over a packet-switched network demands near zero packet loss and limited jitter. Thus, it is isthmuss necessary to enforce profession focus and admission control in IPTV network by sufficient provisioning and resource allocation 4. More detail on resource allocation through retransmission server to improve IPTV will be discussed in Section III. phone accompany companies are embracing the IPTV technology since this will open up huge market share with line of reasoning television service TV companies.telco companies have been delivering packet-establish IP barter over their xDSL technology for many years and utilizing their alive technology to impinge on to IPTV is a natural choice for them. However, there are great roadblocks to position IPTV over DSL which primarily concerned with quality of experience that is equal or better than traditional CATV. Below is the figure of IPTV infrastructure for phone service companies 1. pic Fig. 5. Telco End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The primary difference in Telco companies architecture sight be seen in red cloud sh let in Fig. 5.Digital referee line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is located in environmentally controlled vaults or huts. It is also called video ready access devices (VRAD), which is placed on lawns or easements or a common space in apartment building. DSLAM often serves 100 to 200 residential gateways (RGs) that are attached to the outside of a residence and various techniques are utilize to transport signal betwixt DSLAM and RG. Very high-bit-rate DSL (VDSL) for copper and broadband passive voice optical network (BPON) and gigabit PON (GPON) for giber transport. This metro access s egment uses a hub-and-spoke architecture 5.Cable companies have been utilizing loanblend fiber coaxial (hydrofluorocarbon), combine optical fibers and coaxial stocks, network since earliest 1990s to provide broadband internet access over existent cable TV system and its been employed this protocol globally and Data Over Cable helping Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is the global standard for developing equipment for HFC networks. Cable IPTV architecture is able to modernise from the traditional CATV with simple changes by adding few more components cable modem (CM), cable modem termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable multimedia system (PCMM).The cable companies architecture is sh birth in the figure below. pic Fig. 6. Cable Company Network Architecture. The CMTS and CM piece of tail provide a bidirectional IP over DOCSIS transport in the HFC network. CMTS tail end provide media access control (MAC) and physical protocol degree (PHY) in a single device by blend with DOCSIS however, cable industry is moving toward a modular CMTS (M-CMTS). M-CMTS separates MAC and PHY layers to improve the scalability of DOCSIS transport.The CMTS manages DOCSIS QAM switching and provides QoS over the DOCSIS channel as well as manages residential CMs by dynamically load-balancing CMs among DOCSIS downstream bring to optimize traffic flow. PCMM policy server in DOCSIS networks defines admission control QoS policies by using session managers to request and reserve bandwidth for CMTS to enforce these QoS policies. A. Verizon Fios In 2004, Verizon began deployment of its Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) access network. The sign deployment used the ITU-T G. 983 BPON standard and in 2007, Verizon began using equipment with the ITU-T G. 84 G-PON standard. Fig. 6 below is Verizons BPON FTTP architecture diagram describing the connection between Optical contrast Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Terminal (ONT). OLT provides porthole between pith network with voice, d ata, and video signals and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) boosts the pic Fig. 6. Verizon BPON FTTP architecture optical video signal. ONT performs the optical to electrical signal conversion and provide the data, voice, and video service to the subscriber. Wave aloofness division multiplexer (WDM) combines the three wavelengths onto a single fiber for transmission to the premises. 310nm wavelength is used for upstream traffic and for downstream, clv0nm ( channelise video) and 1490nm (data and voice) are being utilize. Fiber statistical distribution Hub (FDH) cabinet contains 1&21532 passive optical splitters. Each subscriber is connected to a utilize fiber between FHD and the premises. BPON delivers 622 Mbps downstream and 155 Mbps upstream per PON for voice and data through ATM. FiOS provide over 600 channels between 50 to 870 MHz RF signal communicable over the 1550nm wavelength. pic Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS RF spectrumGPON physical architecture is same as BPON however it pro vides world-shaking improvements over BPON in bandwidth. GPON gutter provide 2. 5 Gbps downstream and 1. 2 Gbps upstream for data and voice and in addition, GPON have different transport by implementing Ethernet found protocol to transfer data instead of ATM. The likeness of BPON and GPON is shown in Table 1 below. pic Verizon uses multimedia system over Coax bail (MoCA) technology to provide data communication inside the resident. MoCA is installed in the ONT, Broadband Home Router, and set-top boxes and permits two-way IP data transmission over coax.By using MoCA, Verizon shtup reduce installation cost by using existing coax cable instead providing Ethernet cables to connect devices in the resident. pic Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS MoCA Verizon is using two important FTTP deployment schemes, the FTTP Overlay architecture and the FTTP Full contour. The pic Fig. 8. FTTP Overlay and Full Build Deployment Choice between two deployment scenarios is dependent on the specific deployment area and the likely take rates. In the FullBuild architecture, the fiber is deployed to apiece house and all(prenominal) subscriber gets an ONT in concert.In Overlay architecture, fiber is available to pass all homes and trade in a distributed area but only a gloomy percentage of homes and businesses are connected to and served with FTTP 7. B. AT&038T U-Verse In 2006, AT&038T launched its U-Verse IPTV service (project sluttishspeed), comprising a national head-end and regional video-serving offices. AT&038T offered over three hundred channels in 11 cities through FTTN technology. AT&038T utilizes copper pair to connect VRAD to Residential opening (RG) using xDSL technology. With U-verse, it can provide 25Mbps to home approximately 25004000 feet away.By using MPEG-4 H. 264 compression technique, U-verse can provide 4 simultaneous TV stream (2HD and 2 SD TV), 2 VoIP and POTS service to the resident. Figure below is U-verse architecture. pic Fig. 9. U-verse FTTN Architecture Th e DSL technology at its obtainning stages could only deliver 6 Mbps but now with ADSL2+ and VDSL, it can provide much higher bandwidth over a single copper pair. pic Fig. 10. xDSL technology. The various techniques are being implemented to improve the bandwidth and physical eyelet length capabilities of different DSL technologies.Bonding copper cable pairs can provide higher bandwidth by terminating 2 copper cable pairs together to act as 1 big copper pair. ADSL2+ and VDSL is bonded together to provide higher bandwidth. VDSL can provide higher throughput than ADSL2+ however, it can only escort scam loop length. There is newest xDSL technology standard VHDSL2, which approved in February 2006, can provide bandwidth of 200 Mbit/s but maximum distance of 300 meters. xDSL technology goal is to provide VDSL speed with longer loop length 4. The various different xDSL technology characteristics are shown in table below. table 2. xDSL SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS. pic AT&038T typically uses mix of xDSL technologies to deliver broadband service to subscribers. Mainly ADSL2+ from the central office and VDSL2 from the VRAD through FTTN fiber based technology. C) Cable TV to IPTV Transition Cable companies are the largest subscription television service provider in the world and can easily integrate IPTV services to their existing infrastructure. In cable TV infrastructure, there are two main(prenominal) categories of digital video services broadcast and on-demand Broadcast service delineate as a service in which one copy of a program is direct to all subscriber in a broadcast way of life.Broadcast services overwhelm Digital broadcast- Encoded/compressed programs are direct to a subscribers STB, where they are decoded/uncompressed for playback on a TV. All programs are transmitted regardless of which programs are currently watched by the customer Switched digital video (SDV) SDV is similar to digital broadcast but only communicate programs are sent to a subscri ber group. This group typically consists of all the subscribers served by HFC node which can serve range o 125 to 2000 subscribers. SDV is first two-way communication with subscriber for program selection.The digital broadcast architecture begins with the polling the content in the headend from satellite and terrestrial sources. The acquired content is generally precedent to a multifunction media processing device performing hobby three functions Statmux performs statistical time-devision multiplexing of real-time video content from various sources. Groomer fix rates of content into a maximum bandwidth and limiting the rate of video burst Splicer inserts ads into programming breaks as needed for a regional market. picFig. 11. CATV Architecture. The content is then forwarded a encompass IP transport network to an IP-enabled quadrature amplitude modulator (QAM), where video content is encrypted and forward to STB for the customer. An out-of-band (OOB) channel provides the STB with basic correct information, basic tuning information, decryption keys, software upgrade, and an otherwise(prenominal) communications. Switched Digital Video (SDV) was designed as a cost- utile method to expand bandwidth capacity in a way different than plant upgrades or better video compression method.Traditional digital broadcast sends all the channels into the HFC network but with SDV, programming terminates at the headend (VHO) or hub (VSO) and does not send channel unless its requested. When an SDV program is selected, tuning software in the recipient sends an upstream message and SDV session manager receives the quest and maps the program to a frequency deep down the allocated pool. If the program is already being viewed within the same subscriber group, the business is as simple as reusing the existing session frequency information. On-Demand service is an synergetic service where a requested video program is streamed to one subscriber.All on-demand content is encod ed/compressed and stored on server to be received by individual subscribers request. On-demand services include following Video on demand- Content is stored on a server and subscriber views a list of titles and requests to view a specific title. The VOD system authorizes and streams the requested content to the requested user. Network-based personal video record (nPVR) this service is like home PVR except the content is on the service provider network. A subscriber uses the STB to record specific content to record and watches content at a user-chosen time which is same manner as VOD. pic Fig. 12. Integrated Cable Video Service Architecture Cable IPTV architecture needs three pertly added components to enable IPTV to their customers Cable modem (CM), Cable Modem Termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM). pic Fig. 13. Cable IPTV Architecture The CMTS and CM provide a two-way IP over DOCSIS transport in the HFC network. Cable Companies are moving toward M-CMTS technology, which can separate, MAC and PHY layer to improve scalability of DOCSIS transport unlike traditional CMTS where both MAC and PHY layer in a single device.In auberge to utilize IPTV in Cable company network, IP STBs or other IPTV capable devices must be able to receive video over IP transport and remove network delay variation. Major Cable companies are finding hybrid STBs as attractive solution for IPTV. The Hybrid STB with an embedded cable modem can receive video from either IP path or traditional QAM/RF transport path, which is good scheme to migrate from traditional cable architecture to IPTV. Admission control in Cable IPTV can be applied to both the IP network from the video source to the CMTS, and the HFC network between the QAM and the CM through PCMM policy server.Policy server in DOCSIS networks defines QoS policies for CMTS to enforce them. Admission control sign can be categorized as off-path and on-path. Off-path is when the control path is different from the data path and on-path signaling traverses the data path for bandwidth requests that use the ordinarily selected Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP). In order to provide better IPTV services to the customers, Cable industry must improve bandwidth efficiency in the last mile. The biggest recent innovation to optimize available bandwidth is SDV but superfluous solutions are becoming more important as cable company transition to IPTV service.QAM share-out holds great promise of improving bandwidth efficiency without the need of major(ip) change in their current infrastructure. However, there are some(prenominal) factors contribute to the bandwidth efficiency of QAM sharing Even if SDV and VOD have the same visor hours, a viewer is likely to receive only one service at a time. The gain of QAM sharing comes from the statistical advantage of a bigger QAM pool, shared by two or more services. Differing billhook hours of DOCSIS and video service contribute additional gains.For i nstance, the spectrum allocated for DOCSIS commercial services during the day may by reallocated for video services in the evening. Dynamic QAM sharing is being realized through new technologies and standards for the following reasons The DOCSIS M-CMTS architecture, which separates the DOCSIS MAC and PHY protocol layers. This suspends the PHY layer (specifically the QAMs) to be dynamically allocated and de-allocated. The recent emergence of universal QAMs, which can function as either MPEG video QAMs or DOCSIS QAMs. Standardization in bounce QAM resource management. pic Fig. 14. Dynamic QAM Sharing with M-CMTS Architecture ERMI specifies several interfaces to an edge resource manager (ERM). The ERM is a plat- form that manages and leases QAM channel bandwidth for all applications ERMI-1 is an interface for edge devices to register QAM channels to the ERM and notify the ERM of any QAM failures or republic changes. ERMI-2 is an interface for the ERM to bind the QAM resources from an edge device to the resource allocation request. ERMI-3 is an interface for the M-CMTS core to allocate QAM-channel andwidth from the ERM. Variable bit rate (VBR) video provides coarse bit saving compared to constant bit rate (CBR) video. WITH VBR statistical multiplexing, Cable Company can save as much as 30 percent of bandwidth by just varying the output data per time segment. Recently, DOCSIS 3. 0 was release to compete with Telco companies FTTx deployment and it is redefined the communication between cable modem (CM) located at subscriber premises and cable modem termination system (CMTS) at cable service providers network headend. DOCSIS 3. are design to award channel bonding to boost up network throughput and number of bonded channel is usually 4 or 8. With DOCSIS 3. 0 standard, it can provide 300 Mbps download and 100 Mbps upload 8. TABLE 3. DOCSIS 3. 0 Standards and Characteristics pic D) Netflix OTT IPTV System and Architecture Netflix is the leading provider of O TT on-demand internet video blow in the US and Canada with more than 23 million subscribers. Netflix can stream out HD quality video with average bitrate of 3. 6 Mbps and it is single largest source of Internet traffic in the US by consuming 29. % of heyday download traffic. pic Fig. 15. Netflix Architecture Designing large-scale network infrastructure to support fast growing video float platform with high accessibility and scalability is technically challenging. The Majority Netflix infrastructure used to be swarmed in its own datacenter but recently resorted to the use of cloud services, Content Distribution Networks (CDNs), and other public computing services. Amazon AWS cloud is being utilized by replacing its in house IT infrastructure along with SimpleDB, S3 and Cassandra for file storage.Video drift is distributed out of multiple content distributed networks (CDNs), UltraDNS, and a public DNS service is used as its authoritative DNS servers. Microsoft Silverlight is emp loyed as the video playback platform for Netflix desktop users and Netflix manages to build its IPTV with little infrastructure of its own. Netflix data centers Netflix uses its own IP insure space for the swarm name www. netflix. com. This server primarily handles registration of new user accounts and captures payment information and redirect users to movies. etflix. com or signup. netflix. com. This server does not interact with the client when handling movie request and playback. Amazon defile service Most of the Netflix servers are served from various Amazon cloud services and key functions are content ingestion, log recording/analysis, DRM, CDN routing, user sign-in, and wide awake device support Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) Netflix utilize multiple CDNs to deliver the video content to the subscriber. The encoded and DRM protected videos are stored in Amazon cloud and copied to CDNs.The three main CDNS are Akamai, LimeLight, and Level-3. These three servers p rovide same quality level content to all the subscribers. Player Netflix employ Silver light to download, decode and play Netflix movies on desktop web browser. There are different players for mobile phones and other devices such as Wii, PS3, Xbox, Roku, etc. Netflix utilize Dynamic Streaming over HTTP ( frivol away) protocol for streaming. In DASH, to each one video is encoded at several different quality levels and is divided into small chunks. The client requests one video chunk at a time via HTTP.With each download, it measures the received bandwidth and runs a rate determination algorithm to determine the quality of the next chunk request. It allows the player to freely switch between different quality levels depending on the bandwidth of subscriber. TABLE 4. KEY NETFLIX HOSTNAME pic Netflix Client player have many functions to improve its performance and quality of experience (QOE). Netflix video streaming is controlled by instruction in a manifest file, which Silverlight c lient down make full. This metafile provides the DASH player metadata to conduct the adaptive video streaming capability.It is client-specific and generated according to each clients playback and bandwidth capability. It is in XML format and contains several key pieces of information including list of the CDNs, location of trickplay data, video/ sound recording chunk URLs for multiple quality level, and timing parameters such as time-out interval, polling interval and other data to provide QoE to users. Manifest files ranks CDNs to indicate which CDNS are preferred for content delivery. Trickplay is achieved by downloading a set of thumbnail images for periodic snapshot during network congestion 15. IPTV multicasting protocolIn early IP networks, a packet could be sent either in unicast (single device) or broadcast (all devices). With multicast, single transmission for a group of devices is possible. Multicast transmissions enable efficient communication between groups of devices by allowing Data to be transmitted to a single multicast IP address and received by the group of interest. Multicast over IPTV network presents many challenges related to reservation of resource and maintaining quality of experience (QoE). Backbone can be built based on IP/MPLS and the routers can be enabled for multicast using IGMP protocols.Before going into detail of multicast protocol in IPTV, we will discuss multicast protocol in detail and how it can help IPTV through multicast mechanism. TABLE 5. IGMPV2 AND IGMPV3 MAJOR DIFFERENCE pic The IGMP was defined to allow a host computer to select a stream from a group of multicast streams a user request. Following is the basic functions IGMP protocol uniting an IGMP host indicates that it wants to receive information from a multicast group to become a member. Leave An IGMP host indicates that it no longer wishes to receive information from a multicast group. head An IGMP router can ask the hosts which groups they are member of. Th is is done to aver a JOIN/LEAVE request or to look for error conditions. Queries maybe be o Specific Query Asks whether the host is a member of a specific multicast group o General Query Asks the host to indicate all groups that it belongs to membership Report an IGMP host tells the IGMP host what group it belongs to. This report can be either o pilfer Membership Report Sent in response to a interrogatory o Unsolicited Membership Report initiated by the client.In the IPTV network, each broadcast TV channel is an IP multicast group. The subscriber changes the channel by leaving one group and joining a different group. IGMPv1 is not qualified for IPTV because it does not include an explicit Leave capability. The client will persist in to receive all requested stream until the multicast router issues next query. The standard for IGMPv2 and IGMPv3 major difference is shown in Table 5. IGMPv2 supports Any Source Multicast (ASM) networks and which allows host to discipline which multicast group it wishes to join.Most deployed IPTV clients supports IGMPv2. The Major enhancement in IGMPv3 is that it allows Support Specific Multicast (SSM). host can specify the source address it wants to listen to. Heres basic IGMP operation involving two devices IGMP host (client or STB) issues messages to join or leave a multicast group. The client also responds to queries from the multicast router. IGMP router responds to the join and leave messages to determine if multicast groups should be forward out an interface. Periodic queries are used to clasp from error conditions and verify requests.The IGMP router receives multicast groups either through the use of a multicast protocol such as PIM or static flooding. It is the termination point for IGMP messages and does not send any IGMP information to its upstream neighbors. pic Fig. 16. DSL Access Network IPTV Service In xDSL IPTV architecture, the subscriber initiates channel change requests and responds to status inqui ries. The Routing Gateway (RG) at the subscribers site and DSLAM aggregate traffic from multiple subscribers in order to act on request from the STB.However, IGMP networks were not primarily designed to have networking equipment between IGMP client and the IGMP routers. This creates some challenges to the multicast implementation profligate multicast traffic When delivering high bandwidth IPTV over broadband network, it is important to ensure that IPTV channels are forward only to those subscriber currently viewing them since bandwidth is scarce. If the middling devices are unaware of IGMP flows then all multicast traffic is broadcast out all ports Excessive IGMP traffic Extra bandwidth is consumed as IGMP flows are broadcast to across the network.A single STB IGMP request can result in responses from thousands of IGMP confederate clients. Excessive time to Leave a group With small scanty bandwidth in broadband networks, Leave request often must be processed before additiona l join request can be served. To mitigate above challenges, several techniques are proposed and developed in intermediator devices Local Replication, Proxy routing, Proxy Reporting, and Immediate Leave. Local replication, IGMP snooping from DSLAM, allows DSLAM to inspect entranceway IGMP Join and Leave request and take appropriate action.If the channel being requested to view is already being received at the DSLAM, it will replicate the stream and forward to the subscriber. The DSLAM builds a table to track which channel are being forwarded to each port. pic Fig. 17. DSLAM with IGMP Snooping Proxy routing works by allowing modal(a) device (DSLAM) takes active role of terminating all IGMP flows. This makes DSLAM to act as IGMP host and responds to all incoming requests. DSLAM will recreate the IGMP request and use its own IP address as source.The major benefit of proxy routing is leveling since router is not aware of individual subscribers. pic Fig. 18. IGMP Proxy Routing Proxy R eporting reduces the number of IGMP packets flowing across the network by selectively dropping IGMP packets that are not need to be forwarded. The Proxy Reporting can be subdivided to two categories Query suppression and Report Suppression. Query Suppression reduces traffic between the DSLAM and the subscriber premises by having the DSLAM intercept and respond to IGMP queries sent by the router.DSLAM will never send a specific query to any clients and forward general queries only to those client receiving at least one multicast group. pic Fig. 19. Query Suppression. Report Suppression reduces traffic from DSLAM to the router by having DSLAM aggregate the response. The DSLAM can intercept IGMP reports coming from STB and forwards a summarized version to the IGMP router only when it is necessary. There are two categories of reports. Unsolicited membership reports are forward when first subscriber joins a multicast group or last subscriber leaves a multicast group.This tells router t o begin or stop sending channel to this DSLAM. Solicited membership reports are forward once per multicast group. The DSLAM will aggregate multiple responses together into a single membership report to save bandwidth. pic Fig. 20. Report Suppression Immediate leave alleviate IPTV challenge to change channel rapidly. The standard IGMP Leave operation for channel change is as follow The STB sends a request to leave one multicast group Router responds by issuing Membership Query to confirm the request. The STB responds with a Membership Report which does not include the multicast group By implementing immediate leave, STB can leave the multicast group by just simply sending a request to leave one multicast group 16. pic Fig. 21. Standard IGMP Leave and Immediate Leave. The emerging IPTV deployments utilize real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) in order to deliver media content. Unlike UDP, RTP protocol can provide sequence numbers to maintain packet tell and detect losses, and timing information to determine network delay and synchronise timing between senders and receivers.RTP control protocol maintains session state between senders and receivers and report sender and receiver statistics bi-directionally 17. The rapid acquisition is illustrated in the Fig 22 flow diagram below. pic Fig. 22. Rapid Acquisition Flow diagram 1) The RTP receiver sends a Multicast Leave message to its upstream multicast router to leave the current multicast session and end the currently viewed channel. 2) The RTP receiver sends a feedback message to the feedback take asking for rapid acquisition for the session it wants to join. In this feedback message, the RTP receiver can specify its specific requirements. ) The retransmission server receives the feedback message and decides whether or not to let the request. If the retransmission server accepts the request, it sends a message to the RTP receiver that describes the burst that the retransmission server will generate and send, i ncluding the indication when the RTP receiver should join the new multicast session. The unicast burst stream consists of retransmission of a specific block of packets which will allow the RTP receiver to begin displaying video without waiting for a certain random access point to arrive in the multicast flow.If the retransmission server denies the request, it informs the RTP receiver without delay. 4) If the retransmission server accepts the request, it transmits the unicast burst data and any additional message(s) needed to carry the key information nearly the new channel. The key information is used to prime the decoder inside the IPTV STB so that it can start decoding sooner. The unicast burst continues at a higher than natural rate until the unicast burst catches up with the real-time multicast flow. The sustainable burst rate depends on the access network link characteristics. ) At the appropriate moment (as indicated or computed from the burst parameters), the RTP receiver j oins the new multicast session by sending a Multicast Join message to its upstream multicast router. 6) The RTP receiver starts receiving the multicast flow and completes the rapid acquisition. The STB will not join multicast session at one time with rapid acquisition since there would not be enough available left over on the access link. By utilizing unicast burst sent from the retransmission server o catch up with the multicast flow in a reasonable amount of time before joining to multicast group allows smart channel switching capability rather than joining multicast group immediately 18. Cloud Computing service in IPTV IPTV videos can be delivered to subscribers through various different network structures. For many years, Proxy servers have been utilized to decrease network traffic and delays through high speed and square-built connection. Telco companies are looking for ways to keep service calls rejections to marginal through cloud service for on-demand IPTV service. Figur e below shows on-demand IPTV service for cloud architecture. pic Fig. 23. On-demand IPTV cloud services Video can be streamed from any of the realistic servers by load balancing among server and handle peak loads by avoid overload to achieve continuous, high utilization levels of servers. practical(prenominal) servers can provide low cost computing resources. The Virtual server acts like a dedicated server but it co-reside on a single physical machines acting as multiple physical dedicated server. However, if too many virtual servers reside on the single physical machine, services may face problem due to scarce computing resource per virtual server.Virtual storage through cloud computing allow easy share of resources among themselves. Physical storage is virtualized into virtual disk, which allows storage integrating across heterogeneous vendors and protocols, enabled by dynamically growing and shrinking of storage through live migration, in the enterprise storage area network to be used by applications 22. F uture application of IPTV The key to differentiating IPTV from traditional TV service of VOD and Network-based personal video record (nPVR) is the real-time synergetic application and social TV.With FTTx or Gigabit Ethernet providing more bandwidth in broadband network allows new killer application to maximise the value of the IPTV service. A) SayUTV SayUTV service allows users confederacy into TV sports, discussion, variety show, and so on. SayUTV allow mixing their video and sources into providers content to allow maximum interactional and customize IPTV content. The subscriber can click participation button on SayUTV GUI. After service provider or host of the content allows his/her participation, the subscribers audio and video content is mixed into programs content.All the viewer of the content can view the participants image and voice. pic Fig. 26. SayUTV Service System Architecture SayUTV service divides the role of users into three major rol es Controller who creates a service session and has a control over that session. protrudeicipants who joins the session and contributes his/her own multimedia content. Simple Viewer who enjoys this service in a passive way pic Fig. 27. SayUTV Implementation. SayUTV is an advanced IPTV service, which combined with bidirectional multimedia communication technologies allowing interactive user-participation 20.B) IPTV Interactive Online Shopping In order for IPTV service provider to maximize the profit from IPTV service require smart ad insertion based on customers preference. TV series and sports media are well known for effective overlap advertisement aid. Apparels worn by a main actress of TV series or MVP sports athletes have greater potential for larger sales than conventional display by online makeping website. In order to provide customers shopping craving while reflection TV series or sports event is to add additional information to the product description field such as TV series name, and character or athletes name.This will allow customers place some tags on that particular product through watching particular TV series or service provider can collect customers preference based on content and insert smart ad targeting each subscriber. pic Fig. 28. Shopperama Service Screen in Korea Shopperama is OTT provider in Korea providing series, which have broadcasted through a TV station, online along with smart ad insertion. The apparels worn by main actors and products inside the episode are displayed in a synchronized manner with video content as shown in Fig 25.This allows customer to shop for products very easily while watching TV series and reduce customers burden of trying to find particular product 21. To improve interactive online shopping with IPTV service still needs many enhancements to fully flourish in E-business model. Behavior targeting content to users is estimate to be 20 billion dollar industry and in order for IPTV interactive online shopping to gain market share requires smart integration of cross layer platforms. C) Final Remarks With IPTV service deployment, Cable Company is afraid of cord-cutting case.The IPTV service is gaining popularity amongst consumer and there are many opportunities for new killer application to integrate with IPTV service. In this paper, we described current IPTV architecture in the market and presented recent efforts to improve IPTV technology. Emerging IPTV mobile systems are also gaining a lot of attention and consumer trends demonstrate that IPTV will continue to be in demand. denotation I would like to thank Prof. G K Chang for giving me an prospect to work on this topic and learn more about multicast protocol to provide IPTV service.I was able to learn more about IPTV architecture and current trend in network research in video streaming protocol. References 1 IPTV and the Future of Video Services online Available http//www. employees. org/acbegen/files/IPTV_Tutorial_CCNC_2010 _abegen. pdf 2 U. S. Multichannel Subscriber Update and geographic Analysis, white paper, SNL Kagan, Dec. 2012. 3 Ali C. Begen, Error control for IPTV over xDSL networks, in Proc. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conf. (CCNC), finicky Session on IPTV Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas, NV, Jan. 008 4 A. Yarali and A. Cherry, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). In TELCON 2005 2005 IEEE contribution 10, 2005, pp. 1-6. 5 Doverspike, R. Guangzhi Li Oikonomou, K. N. Ramakrishnan, K. K. Sinha, R. K. Dongmei Wang Chase, C. , Designing a Reliable IPTV Network, Internet Computing, IEEE , vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 15-22, May-June 2009 6 Finn, J. , PON Technology in the Verizon Network, Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008. IEEE GLOBECOM 2008. IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1-5, Nov. 30 2008-Dec. 4 2008 doi 10. 1109/GLOCOM. 008. ECP. 1076 7 M. Abrams, P. C. Becker, Y. Fujimoto, V. OByrne, and D. Piehler,FTTP deployments in the United States and JapanEquipment choices and se rvice provider imperatives, J. Lightw. Technol. , vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 236246, Jan. 2005. 8 CableLabs, modular CMTS Interfaces, http//www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. html 9 CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification, http//cablemodem. com/ 10 CableLabs PacketCable, PacketCable Multimedia Specification,2005. 11 CableLabs, Modular CMTS Interfaces, ttp//www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. html 12 CableLabs, DOCSIS 3. 0 Interface Specification, 2007. 13 CableLabs, DOCSIS M-CMTS Downstream External PHYInterface Specification, 2007. 14 Vasudevan, S. V. Xiaomei Liu Kollmansberger, K. , IPTV Systems, Standards and Architectures Part II IPTV Architectures for Cable Systems An Evolutionary Approach, Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 102-109, May 2008 15 Adhikari, V. K. Yang Guo Fang Hao Varvello, M. Hilt, V. Steiner, M. Zhi-Li Zhang , Unreeling netflix understand and improving multi-CDN movie delivery, INFOCOM, 2012 Proceedings IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1620-1628, 25-30 March 2012 16 Introduction to IGMP for IPTV Networks, washrag Paper, Juniper Network. , 2007 17 RFC 3550, RTP A transport protocol for real-time applications. Online. Available http//www. ietf. org/rfc/rfc3550. tx 18 Mignon, M. Bouckhout, K. Gahm, J. Begen, A. C. , marking server-based channel-change acceleration to millions of IPTV subscribers, Packet Video Workshop (PV), 2012 19th International , vol. no. , pp. 107-112, 10-11 May 2012 doi 10. 1109/PV. 2012. 6229721 19 Phooi Yee Lau Sungkwon Park Joonhee Yoon Joohan Lee , Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service An IPTV case, Electronics and cultivation Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010 20 Park, I. K. Seung Hun Oh Sim Kwon Yoon Ho unripe Song , An implementation of user-participated interactive IPTV service system, Consumer Electronics, 2008. ISCE 2008. IEEE International Symposium on , vol. no. , pp. 1-3, 14-16 April 20 08 21 Jonghoon Chun , Interacitve Online Shopping Innovation, Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering (CNSI), 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on , vol. , no. , pp. 104, 23-25 May 2011 22 Phooi Yee Lau Sungkwon Park Joonhee Yoon Joohan Lee , Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service An IPTV case, Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010

Evidence Collection in Sex Related Crimes Essay

hatred images present many possibilities and evidence that may aid investigators in the fear and possibly conviction of a known or unknown offender. temporary hookup this evidence are present at a scene of a umbrage, it requires specialized training on the part of law enforcement officials to effectively, efficiently and accurately, collect, evidence and preserve these evidence.Chain of command is especially vital at distributively stage of the evidence collection, as evidence can easily be lost and even t international ampereered with. kindle crimes are especially sensitive, as skilful professionals have to exercise empathy to what or who may be perceived as the main evidence the dupe. The victim may hold the key to a lot of information that will help investigators capture the perpetrator. Keyword sex crimes, crime scene, evidence, collection, touch DNAThe Importance of examine Collection in informally Related CrimesAn investigating into any crime, takes place on the pres umption that a crime has occurred. It is during the investigating that the proceedual determination of whether a crime did thus occur is arrived at. Once it has been determined that an actual crime has occurred, then the investigation continues. The investigation of antithetical crimes may take on a different approach, but the ultimate goal for every crime is to apprehend and nix future crimes. The same can be said of sex crimes.Sex crimes include more than just rape. While investigating sexual intrusion crimes involve the careful approach of the first responder, other parties involved with the investigation of a sex crime, must have specialized training to pull off crimes of this temperament. Rape is one facet of a sexual assault, and while the act itself is usually an unwanted one on the part of the victim, it does not hasten less the other sexual assaults that can be imposed on an individual. Sex crime by definition is a crime involving sexual assault, or one that is sex ually motivated. In order for sex to be considered a crime, the offender must knowingly cause the other individual to engage in an unwanted sex act.It involves acts such as rape, prostitution, electric razor pornography, sexual intercourse with a minor, and forcibly sodomy, sex crime in like manner covers incest. Sex crimes are often times sensitive in nature at the onset of being called to the scene of the crime. It would aid investigators tremendously if the victim as well as the offender are both present, so far in some instances, this may not be the case. One of the some important evidence that can be collected at the scene of the crime is the statement or testimony of the victim themselves.ReferencesEnos, W. F., Conrath, T. B., & Byer, J. C. (1986). forensic Evaluation of the Sexually Abuse Child. Pediatrics, 78(3), 385. Feldberg, G. (1997). Defining the Facts of Rape The Uses of Medical Evidence in Sexual Assault Trials. Canadian Journal of Women & The Law, 9(1) , 89-114 Garcia, S., & Henderson, M. (2010). Options for Reporting Sexual Violence Developments Over the Past Decade.FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 79(5), 1-8. marshall University Womens Center. (n.d). Types of Sexual Assault. Retrieved from http//www.marshall.edu/wpmu/wcenter/sexual-assault/types-of-sexual-assault/ Shelton, D. E. (2010). Criminal adjudication The challenges of forensic science evidence in the early 21st century. (Order No. 3415644, University of Nevada, Reno). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 267-n/a. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/734315512?accountid=8289. (734315512).

Educational Paradigms Essay

Paradigms ar ways of thinking or getting things do. As time passes and new concepts evolve, the way things are being make or implemented begin to undergo signifi stand tootht changes. Paradigms are continually shifting and this is unavoidable. For example, prior to the beginning of the in mannikination age, cultivation could only be achieved by physically seeking admission and going through manual(a) registration processes before one could be considered a pupil. The situation has changed today. just about of these processes may now be achieved online, as is the case with American world-wide University (AIU).A new educational effigy has been ushered in as a result of technological advancements (Riegle, n. d. ). Which effigy best describes your current learning organisational environment? Why? Provide an example. The ideal paradigm is the one that favours the matter of standard practices, improved methodologies, and a range of resources that help to establish benchmarks a nd fortify instructional strategies that give students the opportunity to learn properly and reap the benefits of education optimally.American Intercontinental University (AIU) provides an online educational system that offers increased accessibility to students from the thingamajig of their homes. This is accomplished through the use of up-to-date technological devices, software programs, mesh connection, and computers. Since technology has turned the world into a global village, the educational paradigm is gradually shifting from the use of traditional classrooms to an online learning system.This learning curriculum has necessitated the need for an interactive method of learning to supplement the lecture materials, sampling essays and the numerous resources that are made available to students to facilitate their learning process. For example, instructional strategies that involve the use of chat rooms, discussion groups, emails, forums or message boards are employed to achieve learning. How does your organizational paradigm affect your assessments and measurement of student learning?AIU strives to balance learning strategies by adopting principles of assorted learning theories and applying them to instructional design and students assessment. The University presents materials to students in formats that they can easily understand, usually in the form of video, audio, presentations, and other related methods. Measurement of student learning is achieved through the paygrade of students participation in group activities, discussion groups, learning teams, chat rooms, and superpower to use concept maps, mnemonics or organizers to reflect their knowledge of concepts.This is in clog up of the Cognitivism supposition which states that it is all important(p) to understand how the human mind works so that we can understand how students learn (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). Assessment of learning is also done by giving students home work, assignment s or group projects so that they can learn through their make activities and personal experiences. This is a very important paradigm at AIU since most of the learning activities take place online.Students are encouraged to learn through simulation, exploration and active participation in message boards and various projects assigned to them. This method of assessment is in engagement with the constructivism theory which states that knowledge is imbibed through active participation and engagement of the learner. The theory asserts that for knowledge to be retained, it is important to link new concepts with familiar concepts (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008).On a personal level, which paradigm do you feel most represents your own views of education and assessment? Even though technology has its numerous benefits and offers students various opportunities of convenience and ease of use, traditional learning methods should also be preserve because each style of learning has its o wn benefits. Its important to maximize the advantages of each learning style so that optimal results may be achieved.In consonance with the theory of behaviorism, good performance should always be rewarded with praise, awards or any other form of recognition to encourage the students, turn the undesired behavior (bad performance) may be rewarded by holding back such rewards (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2008). This ensures that individual performances in learning are immediately discovered and weak points are focused on for possible improvement.By equilibrate the learning theories and employing the use of best practices in administering lectures to students, learning can thus become an enhanced and exciting experience.ReferencesLearning Theories Knowledgebase. (2008). Index of Learning Theories and Models. Retrieved phratry 25, 2008 from http//www. learning-theories. com Riegle, R. P. (n. d. ). Educational Paradigms. Visionary Leadership for the Information Age. Retrieved S eptember 26 from http//people. coe. ilstu. edu/rpriegle/wwwdocs/paradigm/welcome. htm

Achieve success in life Essay

Education is the best tool in order to achieve supremacy in life. This is the fundamental factor that determines ones place in a very dynamic society. As an educator, my sole purpose is to visit that students obtain a high-quality academic and social training that would equip them with the indispensable knowledge and experiences to be well-prepared for the real world. Given this responsibility, I am ascertain to do everything that I foot to make sure that my students reach their goals and objectives in life.Since one of my students is having some difficulty in combining his/her studies with work, I would enterprise to help by alleviating the burdens of that student. First, I would conduct a one-on-one rag with him/her to determine the problems. It was mentioned that this student is a scholar and he/she must remove a C average for the class to be able to animation his/ her scholarship.This student has no other option but to do damp in class. But this does not mean that there is only a glimmer of hope because as a teacher I can maker some minor adjustments in order for the student to emergency up in class. Some of the things that I would do are to sum up deadlines, provide extra projects to pull up her average and utilize divergent technologies so that students can submit their outputs anytime and anywhere.

How Does Priestly Present Mr. Birling in an Inspector Calls

J. B. priestlike presents Arthur circumvolve as a self obsessed, overwork oriented hard-headed business man in Act1. The stage directions describe him as a heavy-looking, quite portentous man giving an impression that he looks rather threatening. He is very traditional and speaks formally, even about his family. He has worked hard to raise himself up the social ladder and is proud to commend that hes going to be knighted.Even at his daughters engagement party, birls head is still wrapped around business and this is evidently instaln when he check outs Your father and I have been comradely rivals in business for some time now. and now youve brought us together, and perhaps we may look forward to the time when Crofts and rotates are no longer competing. He also states that the party is one of the happiest nights of my life just now this could have a double meaning for not still is Sheila getting married, but it can be seen as a business opportunity.These quotes show that Birling is very work oriented and uses Sheilas marriage for his admit selfish reasons. As well as being selfish, Birling is rather overconfident in his opinions. His mistaken view of the unsinkable Titanic is an exercising of dramatic sarcasm. This is ironic as the Titanic actually sank but only the audience is aware of this. Another example of the use of dramatic irony is when Birling says The Germans dont want war. Nobody wants war..I say there isnt a chance of war This is also ironic as two years after this play was set, WWI began, followed by another. Priestly uses this device, in this sense to show how foolish and naive Birling is and so the audience will begin to question his other views. As he is talking to Eric, he says Youve got a lot to learn yet suggesting that Birling thinks he knows more than others. We can tell that he likes the sound of his make voice, when he says Just let me finish, Eric.It implies that he doesnt want to turn around some(prenominal)one else s opinions but wants other to hear his. His egotistical personality includes Birlings ignorance of social responsibility. Still, I cant accept any responsibility. If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody wed had anything to do with, it would be very awkward, wouldnt it? This shows us how selfish and self centered Birling can be. . a man has to mind his own business This quote tells us that Birling opposes to socialism and he shows this throughout the whole of Act I.

Paleolithic life

paleolithic rock art People left wing their hunting records, drawings of their subtlety and experiences on cave walls with bright colors, some of which shake off been preserved up to today. Also, paleolithic good deal made small statues or carvings come in of st 1, of figures such as Venus figures. In addition, although It may calculate Like art to juvenile world, they used stone tools to hunt and gather. 1.Venus figurines In places all everywhere the world, from Europe to Russia, figurines of women have been found, They were carved out of stone, antlers, and regardful trials, but confusable in shape, a figure of a women with blown-up figures. They suggest ancient societies having or worshipping a women goddess, as well as indicating that in that respect may have been communication across lands. 1. Dermatome In Paleolithic Australia, there were aboriginal pile cal take the Dermatome. They had complex and developed stories on the world, as well as rituals which included their people got to their current location.Their outlook on life was based on historical events that took place all reputation was a sense of mirror image to their past events. Also, they had communication with mixed other groups/isosceles all over a large area of land, exchanging tools, drugs, purifications, and ornaments. 1. Clevis culture The Clevis people were bands of people expanded all over North America. They were considered one of the first people of America, aboutly killing large animals such as bison and mammoth, living along mostly water. Some arti situations suggest that although they were distributed far apart, they may have had some form of communication between the people. . Managerial extermination It was the extinction of large animals, such as the mammoth, some species of horses, and camels. Many experts surmise is that the extinction was caused by change in climate when the Ice eld ended, temperatures rose and humidity fell. Others say that the Clevis peo ple might have hunt the animals down to extinction, which lastly lead to the wipe out of themselves. 1. Stationeries migrations The migrations of the Stationeries discourse people were one of the last migrations to take place In the human history. As It was mostly migrating along the pacific ocean, they used canoes for transportation.The result was migration to the Philippines, Madagascar, Hawaii and etcetera Contrast to the other gyrations, since it was waterborne and hunting gathering would not be available on the Journey, these people were already living In an untaught environment before they migrated. 1. The original affluent society Because many of the Paleolithic people were living basic necessities. Different to what we think today, Paleolithic societies rarely had more freedom and leisure eon as they worked less than the hours necessitate for farming and maintaining a flock of sheep. . Shamans Paleolithic people had cultures where they had ceremonial spaces, connectin g them , or separating them from their customary life. These ceremonies/ rituals were usually held in deep caves. Although there were no full time religious leaders of specialists, there were shamans who were believed to be skilled with dealing the inspirit world. 1. Paleolithic settling down Changes begun? Began? To take place mostly as the ice age began to end. Tools became smaller and more precise, people began to collect chaotic grains which led to wasted in food.Also, some tribes/societies settled down and started to interpose and preserve goods, which led to even more surplus in food. As food abundance occurred, populations rose and villages grew as well. Up until then, most truckers in society had been fair and equal, but the surplus and diversion of Jobs led to inequality. 1 . End of the last Ice board As Ice Age came to an end and climates warmed, Paleolithic life changed to Neolithic life ( meaning young stone age). Populations grew, villages settled down, and dom ain began to change nature, contracting what they needed.Coincided with the migration of homo sapiens, this eventually led to the Agricultural Revolution. 2. Broad spectrum nourishment Living as hunter gatherers for thousands of years, people eventually gained experience about the nutrition they needed in exhibition to survive healthily. Somewhat similar to modern times, people learned to sweep away both big and small animals, the various uses of plants, and so on. Although the broad spectrum diet was not particularly developed in the Neolithic era, it became useful for in store(predicate) reference.Furthermore, researchers suspect that this led to the gender roles, as women were more of the gatherers, they had more knowledge about diets and nutrition, which led them to farm in an agriculture society. 1. Fertile rounded The fertile crescent-shaped is modern day southwest Asia (Iraq, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Turkey). The land had abundance in the species of plants and anima ls, which were mostly easy to domesticate. A period of dry and low temperature weather led to hardship in farming/gathering plants, which eventually was the turning point to agriculture when people started to domesticate animals.Although the fertile crescent was a packed area at first, later people began to scatter as population increased and soil erosion occurred due to over farming. 1 . Testing Testing is a pre- genetically modified root of corn ( with a lot less cob than we know it), it is a form of mountain grass that was grown in the Americas. Testing was wish the cereals of the fertile crescent, except it had less nutrients. Therefore, it became more altered by humans to provide all the protein. Theory that gradually, through plants and animals migrations, farming spread out to other areas.Opposing to the other theory where humans were the main cause for the expansion of agriculture, diffusion suggested that it was more of an indirect act. 1 . Bantu migration The Bantu sp eaking people migrated east and south within Africa. Along with themselves, they migrated with the act of agriculture, their cattle, ironwork, and culture such as languages. Because they were one of the primary Neolithic people, with their migration came diseases to those who had never been in intact with domesticated animals, driving out natives, and killing them. A similar migration would be the Australians. . Peoples of Australia Not everyone was keen on the change in lifestyles, Australia went back up to hunting- gathering after being introduced to agriculture. Some reasons for that might have been the fact that the area was simply not suitable for agriculture, or that the land was naturally plentiful agriculture would actually be less beneficial. 1 . Banjo In China, there was an agricultural organization settlement called Banjo. They grew rice, pigs, and dogs. Also, they lived in houses, had storage for surplus food, kept an area for either social or military activity.They r evealed to modern researchers the use of pots and textiles the remains shows that they produced dishes, pots, cloth and textiles. 1 . Secondary products revolution As people became familiar with domestication, they found more uses for 1 . Pastoral societies In regions where farming was less beneficial than herding or domesticating animals, societies relied on pasturing/herding/or nomads to beat their lives. Areas such as the arctic tundra, grasslands and deserts were lands where people were more unfree on the animals, which differed by the region.Although not all of the pastoral societies were against the agricultural people, there are references, like the bible, which indicate conflict between the two. 1 . Catafalque catalytically is an early civilization in southern Turkey. People lived in turd houses, which were stacked on top of the dead. There were no roads in this village, instead people tended to walk on roofs, and entered the houses through them. Unlike most Neolithic v illages where some form of discrimination or social statuses existed, Catafalque barely had any, and had less gender roles than others.Although women were more related to agriculture and men to hunting. 1 . Stateless societies Stateless societies were cultures or societies that were familiar with formal organizations, however, they chose not to select politics. However, they were in contact with neighboring societies, including their religious practices amongst the ruling. Inherited, however, they could rarely dictate over the village. Instead, they trusted their followers villagers. They also held a religious status, leading primary(prenominal) rituals and ceremonies. Organizing the village, the chief maintained his status.

Types of Military Leaders

Types of Military Leaders The Military is atomic number 53 of the largest corporations in the United States of America sorting for successful loss attracters e really day. They transferer many developmental classes, schools and academies that give you the tools to become a successful leader. Like most jobs there is a pyramid frame of leadership components. This pyramid role is called a chain of command in the military. each(prenominal) leadership role is just as important as the building blocky appointed above them and is only as strong as its weakest link.There are several types of leaders that dictate our military authoritative, men-on and hands-off. Each type of leader possesses different qualities which make the egresscome of their acetify diverse. unconditional leaders are born to be a leader. These are leaders who have a natural instinct on how to take incorporate of a concourse and get the job done. They are the type of someone you any love or hate. Author itative leaders are in truth meticulous and strict on how they want to accomplish a task. Its all their way or the highway. This rouse be very flow on the soldiers that work for them.Authoritative leaders can take two dissociate approaches in leading their soldiers. They either let the power get to their heads and utter orders tearing the moral of the soldiers they work with. The other approach of authoritative leadership is someone who delegates work by asking for help on what of necessity to be accomplished, making it a much more comfortable milieu to work in. These separate approaches can dictate the outcome of the work universe performed by their soldiers which can either make or break their leadership role.Hands-on leaders are one of the most effective leaders in the military. These are leaders who dont mind getting their hands dirty and take initiative in getting the job done. They are leaders who want to lead by example and are non afraid to take the damned if somet hing goes wrong. Hands-on leaders are very well communicators, open to suggestions and look for soldiers input. This allows them to expand not only their avouch knowledge but also the soldiers around them. They are willing to work with their soldiers on the small things in order to accomplish something larger.This gives them a fall apart understanding of their job and the soldiers they work with. Once a hands-on leader sets the goals and shows the soldiers what they expect, it allows them to take a flavor back and let their soldiers execute the tasks at hand. Hands-off or laissez-faire leaders are considered the lazy ones of the group. They typically are the fun leaders to hang out with as a friend but lack leadership as a boss. Hands-off leaders take no guidance of the group and are very passive on work. They tend to pass off jobs and allow the soldiers to dictate how the work is going to be done.This can either set the soldiers up for success or can completely kill the mission. Hand-off leaders are considered the chameleon of the group. They take some of the credit on a successful task or hide and push the blame onto someone else when the task fails. Hands-off leaders typically try to cheer everyone to avoid any conflict. This can ultimately hurt a unit by not being able to trust or commit on their leaders. There are many routes a leader can take in leading their soldiers. It is up to the soldier to decide what leader he or she wants to become.Every day the military is looking for someone to step up and take on one of the roles of decorous a leader. The outflank way to decide on what leader you want to become is to look around and take notes on the qualities your leaders posses and make a decision on how you want your peers to perceive you. Each leadership role can create a different outcome that can either take you straight to the top for success or damage your chances of becoming a great leader. It is up to you to make the decision on what raceway you want to take and the leader you would like to become.

Geo homework Essay

1.How does carbonic acid normal? When carbon dioxide dissolves in water.2.What is meant by dissolution? Removal of bedrock by chemical action of water.3.What kinds of rocks are most susceptible to solution processes and why? Limestone and dolomite because the water dissolves the rock.4.What is the importance of jointing and bedding planes to the underground structure of caverns? there are to a greater extent caverns where joints and bedding planes are.5.Describe and explain the formation of speleothems such as stalactites, stalagmites, and columns. Formed by precipitated deposits if minerals on the wall, floor, or roof of a cave.6.In what kinds of rocks does karst topography usually intermit? In easily decomposed rocks such as limestone.7.Explain how a cesspool is formed. When land underneath erodes and there is a depression formed.8.Describe the formation of a collapse sinkhole and an uvala.9.Describe the characteristics of tower karst.10.What is a swallow hole? A disappearin g stream?11.Why is there a scarcity of surface drainpipe in karst areas?12.What is hydrothermal activity?13.What are the differences between a hot spring, a geyser, and a fumarole? What causes these differences?14.Briefly explain the eruption sequence of a typical geyser.1. Which is more important for weathering action of underground water, mechanical or chemical weathering?2. How does the underground structure of the bedrock influence the dissolution process?3. How is it possible for percolating groundwater to both(prenominal) remove mineral material and deposit it?4. How can groundwater pumping by mickle lead to sinkhole formation? 5. What three conditions are necessary for hydrothermal features to develop?6. What is the importance of jointing and bedding planes to the development of hot springs and geysers?7. Why dont most geysers erupt at regular intervals?8. The 1912 eruption of Mount Katmai in Alaska buried a nearby river valley beneath a densely layer of volcanic ash. Toda y the area is called the valley of 10,000 smokes. What do you forecast this name refers to?

New Hire Essay

Dear Mr. Hendricks,My name is Brad Johnson and I am writing you today because I understand you are aspect for a new car-auto- operative for your hie team. I would like to claim you of my experience in order to prove to you that I am the well(p) fit for the job that you are offering. I ache been following your rush as the thrower of the top NASCAR team for quite some cartridge clip nowadays and demand unceasingly dreamed of be involved with such a successful race team. I have looked forward to being a mechanic since my freshman year of soaring school. I already have a rush along cathode-ray oscilloscope and hope to expand my horizons by becoming involved with NASCAR and Hendricks racing. I am only twenty historic period old, but I have been racing and wrenching on my own machines and vehicles since I was nine geezerhood old. I have paid lament guardianship to your teams shack record and I agnize that your locomotive engines are some of the most reliable engines out on the baseb both swing each and every week.I would like to become the head mechanic for Hendricks racing someday in the near future, but as of now I would be perfectly fine with functional as an scholar to gain my experience and hopefully take over the head mechanic position. I have not only gained mechanical experience from working on my own vehicles and machines, but I have also collect experience from work and school. I took auto shop in high school for two years and at that moment I knew what scope I was to enter after high school. I also had a part time job at fabrication shop in Morgan Hill, California. This shop was Pacific Fabrication and I worked as an intern to diversify my intimacy in the automotive field. I l produceed a visual modality at this shop and saved to pursue my career in this industry. aft(prenominal) working as an internship for a year, I decided to take my knowledge even further by joining the ThinkBig program offered by com confideed axial to mography at Delta College in Stockton, Ca.I have been going to school to earn my Associates degree and also to get training to become a arto a greater extentr technician. I was hired by Peterson CAT as an apprentice and have been working with Peterson for over a year now. Thankfully they have intrust me through school and helped me grow in the field of a corpus service technician. I love what I do but am looking to go further in life by gaining more experience and working on machines that I truly have a passion for. To be honest, many people discount my credibility as a technician because I am very young still and whitethorn not be as experienced as most of your opposite techs that work for you, but what I lack in age and knowledge, I coiffe up for in my willingness to learn and my efficacy to reach my goals.I hope you consider me for such an opportunity. I could be a beneficial asset to your company. I have always been arouse in high power engines and would love to becom e your next engine builder. I have been racing long enough to understand that the signalise to winning is having high quality engines that produce great power and live those in competition. I believe that with time and training I could continue to produce engines for your team with just as good of a track record. I have a keen attention to detail which is a necessity when building these high output engines. When I am put to a task I do not ever do corners to complete it. I have always put much grounds into what I do. I never do anything half-way. I have always given my trump effort when it comes to completing a task. With the new-fashioned advancements in technology, more and longer term mechanics are finding it sticky to work on these machines. Almost everything now days are controlled by some type of computer system. Just a few years ago the engines in NASCAR were carbureted and completely mechanical.With recent advancements in technology, these cars have all been updated t o electronic fuel injection systems. Now that these engines are controlled and programmed by a computer, many older mechanics are not able to cop this new style of tuning and adjusting which may lead to drawbacks in your racing team. I have been trained through Caterpillar to work on these newer style engines which are all controlled by computers. Most of the work we have been taught is to use laptops to program and troubleshoot problems which is a necessity for fine tuning these engines to make the most power while maintaining reliability. All in all I am a hard working young man that is gauge to learn. With the right opportunity I will become the master mechanic that the Hendricks racing team needs more than ever now with the recent advances in technology. I recognize that I am young and may not be the most experienced applicant, but with my eagerness to learn, attention to detail, and experience with these new style computer systems, I am sure as shooting that I would be a gr eat match for the Hendricks racing team.My background knowledge and experience with racing gives me the leading edge over those customary mechanics who have not received any kind of nominal training in this field. I will strive to be the best employee and technician you have ever had, and I will do all I can to continue to represent Hendricks racing as the best racing team in the history of NASCAR.Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely,Brad Johnson

Achievements and Complaints of India Today Group Essay

Operating for 36 forms now, the company has consistently maintain incomparable goodwill and rapport in the market. The India Today base continues to be the best and has steadily bagged major awards and notched up achievements over the years, round of which are * Its news channel Aaj Tak won the Indian Telly acquaint for Best Hindi News Channel for the 10th consecutive year in 2010. * The Editor-in-Chief of Aaj Tak, Prabhu Chawla, won the Best News and Current Affairs fasten Award at the Indian Telly Awards 2009.* The India Today Group publishes the widely distributed magazine in India and has been featuring awards for Fun and Fearless Male and Female of the yr since 2002. * Cosmopolitan also showcases awards for the Best Bachelor of the Year. * Cosmopolitan further promoted the figure Safe Sun campaign that fights against skin cancer * The India Today Group organizes several events like the India Today Conclave and ACUMEN, which deals with some of the major issues and busine sses in the country. * The Vasant Valley School was started by the India Today Group to encourage rearing for all in the country.CONTROVERSIES AND COMPLAINTSIn the recorded conversations between Nira Radia and prominent figures, referred to as the Radia Tapes, several prominent figures are heard in conversation with Radia amongst them were Prabhu Chawla, editor in chief of India Today magazine and Shankar Aiyar, then with India Today Group .ONLINE CHEATING AND pilfer BY BAGITTODAY an INDIA TODAY Group The company, bagittoday,an india today group company,known in ecommrce as living media india ltd cheated many the great unwashed by not giving them promised service, gifts and evn intercommunicate the people for account nos with passwords . They realise payments through credit card/Online banking and do not send the material.October 14 was a sad day for magnetic north Law Minister Salman Khurshid and the India Today group, which owns a number of print journals and TV channels, say s B Raman A non-governmental human-centered trust for assisting physically disadvantaged people with which Khurshids wife Louise is reportedly associated has been the target of allegations of wrongful use of specie amounting to approximately Rs 80 lakh sanctioned by the government for human-centered relief.A Hindi TV channel of the India Today group and the India Against rotting group headed by Arvind Kejriwal, a non-governmental activist, have been spearheading the campaign against Khurshid on these allegations against the humanitarian trust. The two campaigns have been trying to project themselves as separate from all(prenominal) other without any orchestrated co-ordination, but an undeclared, but evident crossway of object between the two is discernible to any objective observer. That objective is to exploit the suspected misuse of the funds to cause public discomposure to Khurshid.

Napster And Musician Rights

Music copy right field is approximatelything that will forever be in question. Many people believe that medication is for altogether to assure and should non be restricted on how we obtain it. Napster is the greatest line of reasoning in the United States at current. Many symphonyians and people believe others should charter free access to all symphony. Music is an expression of feelings and it is an art, And art is something that is at that place for others to observe whether it is by looking at it with their eyes or perceive to it with their ears.We can go into a museum and view a painting freely why should we not be allowed to listen to music freely although it is picnic all over the radio. Unrestricted access to music allows people to more right away know what music they prefer and appeals to them. The program Napster allows people to find music listen to it and find out what artist sings a particular claim and listen to it. Then many of those people go out and a cquire those CDs which makes m cardinaly for those bands.Free access to music allows experience of new bands to become more wide spread and can development the circulation and popularity of a song and a band. Napster creates an environment that allows people all over the States to share their music with others This is no different from someone write a CD for a friend so they can occupy it but no one can control that just because Napster it nationwide record companies want to control it.Many recording artist solid ground that they are losing money because of Internet programs such as Napster. This statement make by the band Metallica states the feelings of many recording artist From day one our fight has always been to protect the rights of artists who chose not to pass water their music apply without consent.The courts decision validates this right and confirms that Napster was wrong in victorious not only Metallicas music but other artists who do not want to be a part of t he Napster system and exploiting it without their approval. We deport never objected to the technology, the Internet or the digital distribution of music. All we have ever asked is that artists be able to control how, when and in what form their creative thinking is distributed through these channels.These are some of the basic rights that Napster has continually refused to accept. Many melodic artist feel that they are being cheated because people are not gifting to listen to their music. Just like a poem some songs are not meant for the world to hear and Napster puts songs all over America available at the click of a button. Although Napster does offer music to be accessed by anyone it does not censor children from accessing music that contains lyrics not appropriate for them. Altough parents should be responsible for obtaining programs or viewing what their children are accessing online.As a musical theater artist myself I believe that everyone should have access to all music at no cost but if you want to have that music on such as a CD you should have to pay for the artist time and effort put into making that CD you wouldnt goto work everyday if you didnt get paid. Napster also allows people for all over the nation to share and introduce others to new music and who has the right to restrict the freedom and ideas of an individual who is trying to express themselves. Napster is something that will always be in controversy as long as it personify but who will make the final decision.

Research Study on Organizational Commitment Essay

IntroductionOrganizational inscription is an administrational comp whizznts psychological connection or tactual sensationing of belongingness to the shaping course credit Edu15 l 1033 (Educational gate). This consignment to an giving medication creates a feeling of passionate partiality within a stakeholder of an organization, creating a desire for that / those individual(s) to do any involvement necessary for the organization to succeed. Organizational commitment is an indispensably huge role that determines whether a stakeholder will expect at the organization willingly, if given a choice. This is a determinant as to whether this individual will produce at the top of his skill indication to ensure that the organization moves much closer, or in the direction of its goals. concord to the trey- component model (TCM), the organizational commitment is made up of iii unique components. These atomic number 18 affectional commitment, continuance commitment and normative c ommitment.emotive commitment encompasses the love for your c areer or job. This happens when one has a robust feeling of emotional attachment to their organization or company, and zealously flora to promote the interests of that organization. These people involve internalized the organizations values, vision and goals, and have a sincere feeling of wanting to proceeding for the organization for a longer period citation Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This happens when the employee is happy at their campaignplace. on that point are accompanimentors that will normally contribute to this affection. Some of the reasons include emancipation of thought and innovation, appreciably good salary, better employee terms among other things that could polish off employees feel that they are important and are valued by their employer. whatsoever these reasons are, this affection is imperative to the organizational success. supposition Employees who are treated in a respectful elan in an et hics based organization are more than seeming to be happier than employees that belong to a shekels oriented organization.Continuous commitment is an express fear of loss. This kind of commitment comes by when employees measures up the advant sequences and disadvantages of being at the organization compared to their exit reference Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This comes as a result of a realization that staying at your current position in your company has better terms or benefits than leaving the company. For instance, if one wanted to move from one company or organization, they will not and consider monetary benefits, but a number of other parameters. These parameters include employee terms of welfare, available position of certificate of indebtedness within the new organization, among other benefits one stands to lose or gain. other(prenominal) reason could be completely unrelated to profession one could be attached to their friends at the organization, that moving from the organization is a risk of breaking these bonds. The relentlessness of the continuance commitment increases with advancement of age and professional responsibility. Those who are so advanced in both of these factors will feel a received kind of inertial force that hardly allows them to leave.Hypothesis plurality who have successively progressed up the ladder within an organization, and / or age feel the severity of continuance commitment the most.Normative Commitment is the understanding of obligation that one feels for an organization. Some people feel that it is the right thing to do, for them to belong to the organization they do belong to. This sense of belongingness occurs all the same when one is not happy with their position. They are often held back from pursuing level(p) better opportunities CITATION Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This feeling could arise from an array of reasons. A great example is a son working at their set abouts firm, He will get a kind of practical (prenominal) family pressure to weigh the burdens of the organization in order to make it successful. withal if in that respect existed better opportunities, this son will turn them down for the interest of keeping their parents happy. Another scenario that could occur is when a wife works for an organization within a region. The job she does could only be offered by only her current company within the whole region or even country. Due to her domestic responsibilities, she cannot leave to pursue her career interests in another region of the country. This sense of obligation could drain the company of energy beca usage normally, there is no zeal to work, but one will only consummate at an average.Hypothesis more married people will pass to work for a certain firm on a normative commitment basis than the single professionals.All the above forms of commitment are segments of organizational employee result due to certain organizational behaviors. The underlying fact is that employ ees have their personal needs, and will tend to place these interests first. When these interests are salutary provided for, the employees will automatically feel appreciated and will tend to gayly offer service to the organization. As it has been stressed before, happy employees make more productive and successful companies CITATION And14 l 1033 (Oswald, Proto, & Sgroi, 2014). On a practical scale, companies like Google have benefited from employee first approach. The company has invested a component part in employee support and satisfaction while allowing for imagination, creativity and innovation CITATION Kel14 l 1033 (Parkes-Harrison-Warwick, 2014).Some companies have got it right while others are hitherto to get it right. We carried a research into the different aspects that contribute to this phenomenon of organizational commitment. We mapping different techniques to measure or research into different Organizational behavior, including self-reporting scales, behavior al observation and organizational records analysis such as performance judgment forms, time card data, absenteeism rates, productivity indicesIn this research, we use the self-reporting scales. Self-report study involves use of questionnaires, surveys or polls that let sufficeents respond to questions in a manner the respondents choose. This kind of survey is focused on extracting information from participants about their attitudes, feelings and beliefs on certain topics. It could be a form of interview, provision of answers to open and closed questions, rating scales, fixed choice questions among others.Reliability on these methods is dependent upon their eubstance in providing similar results if used repeatedly in similar circumstances. rigour of the response is also a matter of concern. Especially for questionnaires, respondents may or may not give accurate or sincere answers to certain questions depending on the parameters provided. For example, Anonymous questionnaires or r esponse forms are more likely to produce sound answers.In this survey, we carried a survey in which we asked various questions related to the hypotheses stated in within this document. We adopted the anonymous response questionnaire system to enhance validity of our research. We asked them to rate different departments, work conditions and parameters. The respondents were to respond to questions regarding the hypotheses. They were requested to rate the questions on four guided answers Strongly agree, Agree, potently disagree, and agree. Our respondents were 30 employees of different organizations.Results        We set ourselves to find out the validity of three hypotheses regarding the tenets of organizational commitment. These hypotheses stated as followHypothesis 1 Employees who feel appreciated are happy and are more likely to be affectively commit to an organizationHypothesis 2 older employees and those who get promoted are likely to stay within an organizatio n out of continuance commitmentHypothesis 3 most married people are normatively affiliated to organizations.The validity of our hypotheses had some concurrence with our respondents. However, what the survey disqualified is the sense of procession as a determining factor to employee continuance commitment. Instead, the people who got promoted in organizations were the productive cream of the organization. This means that they felt a conviction to work for the organization. Such people were comfortably placed within the category of affective commitment.Conclusion        The survey conducted was successfully concluded and in our finding, hypothesis 1 was completely valid as most people agreed with it. Hypothesis 2 produced mixed reactions. Most agreed that older people were committed to the organization due to continuance commitment. Hypothesis 3 was completely valid as most people agreed with this hypothesis. All respondents had their reasons, as clear on their addi tional comments, including fear of family strain and divorce for the third hypothesis.References BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Educational Portal. (n.d.). Organizational Commitment Definition, Theory & Types. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from Educational Portal http//education-portal.com/academy/lesson/organizational-commitment-definition-theory-types.htmlMind Tools. (n.d.). The Three Component Model of Commitment. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from Mind Tools http//www.mindtools.com/pages/ expression/three-component-model-commitment.htmOswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, a. D. (2014, february 10). Happiness and Productivity. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http//www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/eproto/workingpapers/happinessproductivity.pdfParkes-Harrison-Warwick, K. (2014, March 21). Google is right We work better when were happy. Retrieved jaanuary 28, 2015, from futurity.org http//www.futurity.org/work-better-happy/Source document