Salem Witchcraft Trials in The Crucible by Arthur Miller :: The Crucible Arthur Miller Witchcraft Essays

Salem Witchcraft Trials in The Crucible by Arthur Miller passim society and throughout literature, vulnerable communities under certain conditions can be easily taken advantage of by a person or convocation of people presumed innocent. In the play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller, there are three main positionors that allowed the girls fallacious stories to be believed Salems flawed court system, its need of diversity in beliefs and religion, and the lack of a strong leader in the town. Although Abigail and the girls initiated the accusations, the responsibility lies with the entire community. It was the deterioration of Salems social structure that precipitated the murders of many innocent people. The church, good system and the togetherness of the community fell just to protect social status.Salems flawed court system was chiefly responsible. Under their courts, denial was considered a terrible sin. The narrow mindedness of the court possessed an unwritten law that if a name was brought out within the court, without any irresolutioning, that person was presumed guilty. In this system, whiteness is non taken into consideration, and the court is convinced they are right except if the victim confesses. There is no hearing for the victim, and even if they are truly innocent, they are only left with two options They have the choice of denial, which will lead to their execution or confessing, which gets them thrown into jail.To prove that all these people were actually guilty as well played a part in lengthening the tragedy. Herrick, Cheever and Danforth are all full of their own importance and strictness of the court. They ask question after question to each victim until the defendant breaks down and confesses to save their life. Hale, a person who was brought in from out of town to ward off the evil spirits, began to realize the victims innocence towards the end. However, he knew the strictness of the court Though our hearts break, we cannot flinch, these are new times. Another contributing factor was the fact that everyone in the town had the same beliefs. The fact that they were isolated from all other groups of people with different beliefs created a church-led Puritan society that was unable to handle change. The reputation of a family was very important to the members of the community. When the girls were caught bound in the woods, they lied to protect not just themselves but the reputation of their families.

Leo’s Barber Shop Essay -- Observation Essays

Leos Barber ShopAs the glass door opens, the din from Second Street fades from your ears. The clean crisp stinger of scissors, the flick of combs through wet hair, the buzz of electric clipping shears, and the occasional blast of air from a blow dryer captivate your sense of sound. Joe, a large, bald man, wearing an aqua T-shirt and blue jeans tied up with an old brown leather belt, gives his customary greeting, Howdy there, to a man who has good entered. The sign above Joes mirror reads Hair cutsten dollars, Seniorseight dollars. It is Saturday morning, and at Leos Barber Shop business is brisk. Joe and two other barbers are working at a fast clip, keeping their spunks on the scalps of the customers and periodically throwing quick glances to the line that is forming in the waiting area. Hector, wearing a maroon wind-breaker and baseball cap, is putting an apron on a kid to the right of Joe. Chris is trimming a mans sideburns, leveling her green, contact-lens covered eye to the s hears. Four chairs near the entrance are occupied by men of various sorts. Some are reading newspapers or magazines, while others sit facial expression out the front window. One man clad in denim is standing outside the stag with a cigarette held to his mouth. The barbers at Leos have their work cut out for them today. Inside, Joe puts the clipping shears to the locks of a slumbering child, whose head is being propped up by his mothers hands. The child awakens to remember his lamb-like curls falling to the checkered floor his large chocolate brown eyes begin to swell with tears. Fortunately for Joe, the boys mother is able to shut out off the water works with a few words of reassurance in Spanish. The youngster stoically endures the procedure. Ju... ...s asks. That looks good, the student replies, looking into the mirror. Here, she gives him the comb, brush it the way you like to. determination the part, he combs it down. Afterwards he compliments her o n a job well done. After paying, the student tells Chris that he will see her in another(prenominal) six weeks, and to take care. Before opening the glass door Joe throws the student a wave. Hey, when youre done with that English paper bring us a copy, Ill put it up on my wall and make yah famous he says. Returning his wave, the student walks into the light of the setting sun the sounds of the barber shop diminish. Looking through the shop window, he sees Hector sweeping up the hair of his last customer. Shouts from the nearby Cantina, interrupted by a blast from a car horn, take the place of the low, metallic murmur of the clipping shears.

Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting for Godot Essays

Samuel Becketts Waiting for theologyotIn Waiting for perfectionot, Samuel Beckett asks what it is that we ar re all in ally doing on Earth. He feels that God plays a key role in the solution to the military personnel condition, however, since we do not truly know if God exists, life it would seem is simply a quest to search for an alternate explanation. Most of the quantify we start kayoed to distract ourselves from the issue and try desperately to subscribe to some sort of meaning into our life while silently waiting for some ane or something to postdate and give us an answer. According to Beckett, the definition of homo existence is waiting to ascertain if the possibility of salvation with a possible God exists, or if all that lies ahead is darkness he feels that all new(prenominal) aspects of life are in world-shaking and essentially can be reduced to nothing. These ideas are illustrated in a play where time seems to be irrelevant, nothing of greatness ever happens, and the main characters are left waiting for someone who may or may not ever come.At the very beginning, Beckett hints at his project to the solution to the human condition. Vladimir tells the ignorant Estragon the story from the Bible of the two thieves that were crucified at the same time as Jesus. Apparently, one of the thieves believed in God, the other did not--the one who believed was saved. In Vladimirs opinion, this is not that bad a deal One of the thieves was saved. (Pause.) Its a reasonable percentage (8). It seems that consort to the story, reward or punishment is handed out depending on behavior (or at least belief). Vladimirs thoughts are somewhat parallel to those of the French philosopher Pascal who rationalized that prone the possible outcomes, one is better to bet that God exists. However, ... ...after waiting so long and nothing positive ever happens (besides a few leaves on a tree) that even the persistence of the conscious seems to begin to fade as well.Beckett poses some interesting questions. If all we are doing on Earth is waiting--waiting for answers whose meanings we may never comprehend--is anything that we do significant at all? As humans, it seems that in a sense we do, somewhere in us, realize our condition. However, we try to remain ignorant of it. We look for distractions we look for something that seems to drop meaning just so the absolute giddiness of our life remains masked. We search for answers--answers that may or may not ever come. In our continue waiting nonetheless, it seems our situation continues to become more hopeless. plant life CitedBeckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. Trans. Samuel Beckett. New York Grove Press, 1982. Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting for Godot EssaysSamuel Becketts Waiting for GodotIn Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett asks what it is that we are really doing on Earth. He feels that God plays a key role in the solution to the human condition, however, since we d o not truly know if God exists, life it would seem is simply a quest to search for an alternate explanation. Most of the time we attempt to distract ourselves from the issue and try desperately to bring some sort of meaning into our life while silently waiting for someone or something to come and give us an answer. According to Beckett, the definition of human existence is waiting to ascertain if the possibility of salvation with a possible God exists, or if all that lies ahead is darkness he feels that all other aspects of life are insignificant and essentially can be reduced to nothing. These ideas are illustrated in a play where time seems to be irrelevant, nothing of importance ever happens, and the main characters are left waiting for someone who may or may not ever come.At the very beginning, Beckett hints at his proposal to the solution to the human condition. Vladimir tells the ignorant Estragon the story from the Bible of the two thieves that were crucified at the same time as Jesus. Apparently, one of the thieves believed in God, the other did not--the one who believed was saved. In Vladimirs opinion, this is not that bad a deal One of the thieves was saved. (Pause.) Its a reasonable percentage (8). It seems that according to the story, reward or punishment is handed out depending on behavior (or at least belief). Vladimirs thoughts are somewhat parallel to those of the French philosopher Pascal who rationalized that given the possible outcomes, one is better to bet that God exists. However, ... ...after waiting so long and nothing positive ever happens (besides a few leaves on a tree) that even the persistence of the conscious seems to begin to fade as well.Beckett poses some interesting questions. If all we are doing on Earth is waiting--waiting for answers whose meanings we may never comprehend--is anything that we do significant at all? As humans, it seems that in a sense we do, somewhere in us, realize our condition. However, we try to remain i gnorant of it. We look for distractions we look for something that seems to have meaning just so the absolute absurdity of our life remains masked. We search for answers--answers that may or may not ever come. In our continued waiting nonetheless, it seems our situation continues to become more hopeless.Works CitedBeckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. Trans. Samuel Beckett. New York Grove Press, 1982.

soc paper :: essays research papers

WORK, WELFARE, AND SINGLE MOTHERSIf you want to know a big riddle in our country today it is single mothers and wel far-offe. If you look at on the whole the notes that we throw away each and every year, you wouldn=t think this would be a problem. With all the rich giving to the poor, some should go to single parents trying their best to take care of their children. This could be easy, if they would just go and bewilder a job they would be off welfare very quickly. But it isn=t that easy, study=s show that most welfare mothers provoke good-for-nothing or no schooling at all, they are the woman that has been lay off of work, and the one=s that are young and don=t have enough to pay for their child=s living conditions.A lot of things changed in 1996 as federal lawmakers dramatically changed the rules poor people live by and made states responsible for implementing these rules. Twenty-five percent of the mothers on each state=s welfare caseload must be working by the end of 1997. By 2002, fifty percent must be working. Studies show that mothers that leave the welfare to quickly are the one=s that will not make it far in life, not far in life but the one=s that will be the least likely to succeed in get off welfare and taking care of their families.Their main problem is making the transaction from welfare to work. They have problems making ends meat. They sometimes receive extra money from community groups, local charities, working extra jobs, obtaining cash from network members. They have to hid most of their income from their caseworkers so they could keep their welfare benefits. It was also hard for working mothers as they faced larger budget deficits than welfare mothers because they often didn=t Medicaid and had considerable work-related expenses. Working mothers had less time to work a side job or even get extra money from community groups and charities. It is a known fact that is harder to make ends meet when working than collecting welfare. All the studies are from quaternity main cities which are Boston, Chicago, Charleston, and San Antonio. These were the cities picked to represent the study. The cost of living was different in all these places. They took into consideration different races, age, education, work experiences, and the background they came from. All these differed in all areas due to these things.

history of lacrosse Essay -- essays research papers fc

Lacrosse is the oldest team sport in North America, having been played by Native American tribes vast before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the game played by Native Americans, they began to play it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played astray in America and other countries. As U.S. Lacrosse literature aptly puts it "Lacrosse is a game born of the North American Indian, christened by the French, adopted and raised by the Canadians, and later dominated by the Americans.When the first people of America started playing lacrosse centuries ago, the game served many purposes. It was played to amuse the Creator, to train young men for war, and to steady down disputes between tribes (Source B). The game was played by tribes in all parts of the United States and Canada it was played by the Mexican Kickapoo in Texas, the Seminole in Florida, the Bungi in Manitoba, the Cherokee in Tennessee, and the Passamaquoddy in Maine (Source B). The game was called Baggattaway, meaning they bump hips by the Algonquin tribe, and Tewaarathon, meaning little brother of war, by the Iroquois tribe (Source B). In the earliest times of American Indian lacrosse, the game had few rules, if any. Lacrosse games would last for days, stopping at sunset and continuing the next day at sunrise. The fi...

history of lacrosse Essay -- essays research papers fc

Lacrosse is the oldest team free rein in North America, having been played by native-born American tribes long before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the coarse-grained played by Native Americans, they began to play it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played widely in America and other countries. As U.S. Lacrosse literature aptly puts it "Lacrosse is a game born of the North American Indian, christened by the French, take and raised by the Canadians, and later dominated by the Americans.When the first people of America started playing lacrosse centuries ago, the game served many purposes. It was played to amuse the Creator, to train schoolboyish men for war, and to settle disputes between tribes (Source B). The game was played by tribes in all parts of the United State s and Canada it was played by the Mexican Kickapoo in Texas, the Seminole in Florida, the Bungi in Manitoba, the Cherokee in Tennessee, and the Passamaquoddy in Maine (Source B). The game was called Baggattaway, meaning they bump hips by the Algonquin tribe, and Tewaarathon, meaning little brother of war, by the Iroquois tribe (Source B). In the early times of American Indian lacrosse, the game had few rules, if any. Lacrosse games would last for days, stopping at sunset and continuing the next day at sunrise. The fi...

International Relations: Important Theories

Realism makes four canonical assumptions about multinational relations * The state is the most important actor in worldwide relations. This means that national governments are the most important player in the game of international politicsinterest groups like Amnesty International or individual figures like the pope have no effect on how nations relate to atomic number 53 another. * The state is a unitary and rational actor. Unitary means that the state speaks with one voice although members of a nation may have many unalike views on the best approach to a situation, only one approach will be enacted.Rational means that the state is capable of identifying goals and preferences and determining their copulation importance. * International relations are essential conflictual because of anarchy. In this case, anarchy does not mean chaosinstead it refers to the absence of a higher authority to dis every last(predicate)ow aggression or arbitrate disputes. Just as men might run am ok and attack one another without the government to punish them, nations will attack one another so long as they believe it in their best interest.Anarchy also compels states to arm themseves in order to expression repair. The stockpiling of arms and the building of a force, however, are provocative actions which prompt neighbouring states to feel insecure and build up their own weapons. * Security and strategic issues, cognize as high politics, dominate the international agenda. This means that states paramount goal is to maximize their power in the international community, and that they are primarily concerned with military power.An example of a nation operating according to this maxim is North Korea in the early 90sthe batchfall of the Soviet Union left them without Communist allies, so they began a nuclear weapons development program and threw out UN observers. They believed that if their government gained nuclear power, it would survive in the international community becau se other countries would fear them. Liberalism * Liberal international relations theories are found on the idea that humans are PERFECTABLE. In contrast to the greedy man of realism or even he survival man of realism, liberal theories tend to gibe man as rational as well as studying, striving, and improving over time. Liberals believe in PROGRESS.* Liberals believe that humans can learn to COOPERATE to improve their lives PEACE is seen as a preferred condition and therefore ways should be constitute to foster peace among states. This allows man to focus on the substantive things that make up the good life food, art, culture, literature, farming, families. Everything but weapons and the fighting of fight. Liberals believe that war stems from poor INSTITUTIONS OR MISUNDERSTANDINGS, so we baffle war by crafting better institutions and eliminating the possibility of misunderstanding through education and discussion. * War stems from misery, POVERTY, INEQUALITY. * Liberal approach es often also see man as tied to fellow man by a COMMON HUMANITY.Therefore, the limits imposed by state boundaries are artificial. This leads to ideas such as the spare-time activity of human rights violators across state boundaries, seeking to engage in development assistance. League of Nations and UN Charters have strains of this type of liberal idealism making peaceful answer of disputes a new norm. Overcome past international conflict through institutionalized collective security mechanisms. * Some influential liberal ideas today interdependence and the rise of NON-STATE ACTORS. * Interdependence Economic linkages, communication technologies finally making possible one world with one common humanity. All linked together, cant go to war without causing hardship to all.This has been developed further in the 1990s to a school of thought which sees globalization as rendering war among major powers as impossible, would impoverish everyone, no one has an incentive to rock the globa lization boat. * Rise of non-state actors new non-state actors becoming more influential than the old states of realist international relations discourse multinational companies many of which have greater annual turnover than developing countries GDPs, new cross-national issue groups the Greens, Greenpeace, Amnesty International.These corporations and organizations are breaking down the state, establishing common interests across borders. Generally, foster peace. * Also, recently re-in vogue in the liberal camp is the DEMOCRATIC PEACE THESIS, the idea that democracies do not fight one another. * Liberal approaches have fostered much of the growth of INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (neo-liberalism with emphasis on institutions). International organizations are seen as ways of mediating conflict among states, establishing bases of cooperation, establishing rational-legalistic codes of conduct under which all will be better off. Some liberal internationalists see the evolution of internati onal organizations, the development of international law, the growth of cross-national civil society groups as essay that the state is being transgressed, or at least having its capacity for war-generating action reduced. * ANALOGY TO DOMESTIC STATE at international level. As in the national state where the government provides some order to relations among citizens, so international organizations (while not a world government) can provide some stability, security, and predictability to inter-state interactions.Can prevent states from being trapped in the SECURITY DILEMMA (need force to protect self, arms build up scares others into thinking you are going to attack, they build up their forces, they scare you, endless cycle of build-up ultimately leading to violence. By making self more secure through arms, make self less secure by compelling arms acquisition on neighbour/rival), can foster and build on areas where cooperation helpful to solve mutual interests, cooperation reinforci ng.States can learn through international organizations/cooperation and change their preferences and behaviors. * IRAQ WAR Liberals would certainly see Saddam Hussein as a problem authoritarian, had shown proclivity to invade others. Marxism Marxism is one of the basic theories of international relations. According to Marxists, both realism and liberalism/idealism are simply self-serving ideologies introduced by the economic elites to defend and justify global inequality.Instead, Marxists argue, class is the vestigial unit of analysis of international relations, and the international trunk has been constructed by the upper classes and the wealthiest nations in order to protect and defend their interests. The various Marxist theories of international relations agree that the international state system was constructed by capitalists and therefore serves the interests of wealthy states and corporations, which seek to protect and expand their wealth.According to Marxist theory the Fir st public and Third military man are merely components of a larger world system which originated in 16th-century European colonialism. Instead, these states actually make up the core and periphery of the world system respectively, the central wealthy states which own and chiefly benefit from the mechanisms of production, and the impoverished developing countries which supply most of the human labour and natural resources exploited by the rich.States which do not fit either class, but lie somewhere in the middle of the model, are referred to as semi-peripheral. The core-periphery thesis of world-systems theory is based upon another body of work, dependency theory, which argues that the basis of international politics is the transfer of natural resources from peripheral developing countries to core wealthy states, mostly the Western industrialize democracies.The poor countries of the world, like the poor classes of the world, are said to provide inexpensive human and natural c apital, while the wealthy countries foreign policies are devoted to creating and maintaining this system of inequality. International economic law (such as the World Trade Organization) and other such systems are seen as means by which this is done.To combat these systems of inequality, traditional Marxists and dependency theorists have argued that poor countries should adopt economic control policies that can break them out of the prison of international economic controls, such as import permutation (government assistance to domestic producers and barriers to wealthy international corporations attempting to flood the market with mass-produced imports) rather than the export-based models usually favoured by international economic organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

Directness and Indirectness in Different Contexts Essay

In modern life, sight communicate with others in different vogues for instance, the air that send outness or confirmingness female genitalia affect the success or failure of communication. So, we wonder which way is better for human communications. The definition of directness is the character of beingness accurate in course or aim or straightforwardness , the quality of being clear, plain, or easy to understand . The definition of indirectness is not verbalize or done in a clear and direct way or stating what a real or supposed original speaker express with changes in wording that conform the statement grammatically to the sentence in which it is included .Speakers drop a different register when speaking to different people, much(prenominal) as children, elderly people, peers, superiors, friends, strangers. So , when people talk to each other, they should consider the context, the situation, and then use the right way to communicate.. Position or social spot is an impor tant element of choosing whether directness or indirectness. When in a superior position, people go to use more directness to their inferiors ,by contrast, people use indirect way when they are in a lower or subordinate position. Subordinates usually are more mitigatedpolite, tentative or indirect.For example, in a company, as employees, they have to talk to their boss indirectly and politely even their boss make mistakes, they cannot indicate directly if they do not want be laid off. Otherwise, bosses just talk to the employees directly. But the ones in power had the option of choosing which style to use. It was precisely because of his higher status that the boss was free to choose whether to speak formally or informally, to assert his power or to play it down and build rapportan option not available to the subordinate, who would have seemed cheeky if she had elect a style that enhanced friendliness and closeness.In this spirit, if your boss request you something with indirectnes s,you should not only get the real meaning but also you should serve it, or you may in trouble. Another reason that affects communication is how people related to each other, or social distance, those who have closer relations tend to talk in a more direct way. For instance, they can talk to their parents directly anytime talking directly is much better to parents as a result, children should be honest to their parents. Moreover, as a close friend, they also motivating be honest to each other, so talk directly is a right way to them.When their close friends make any fault, as close friends, they should indicate directly that is a good way for both of them. On the other hand, people need to talk to their in-laws indirectly moreover, people should be also respect to elder people. When in a special circumstances, or in emergency, people must use direct way of speaking, otherwise it go away cause serious consequences, such as the conversations between the co-pilot and the captain in the text. If people in a imperative situation, they should speak directly even they are subordinates.If not, the superior one would more likely to ignore hints from their crew members than the other way around. The use of indirectness can just be understood without the cross-cultural perspective. Communication in any culture is a matter of indirectness. Only a part of meaning resides in the language spoken the largest part is communicated by hints , assumptions , and audience filling-in from context and prior experience. Americans as a group tend to ignore or even rail against indirectness. For Japanese, Arabian, or the Mediterraneans, small talk is big and essential in business dealings.Non-Americans, and American women, more lots realize that much of what is meant cannot be said outright. Cross-culturally it becomes a exasperating guessing game that most entrants lose. Cultural differences in listening behavior can be categorized as direct or indirect. In direct listening cult ures such as France, Germany, and the United States, people listen primarily for facts and concrete information. Listeners in these cultures also confront speakers directly and feel comfortable communicate questions.In indirect listening cultures such as Finland, Japan, and Sweden, people listen in a real different manner. Interruptions do not occur time the speaker is talking, and politeness is part of the listeners behavior. Indirect messages allow you to express your desire with-out offending or insulting the one interacting with you, but often at the sacrifice of your own feeling. Instead of saying, I am bored with the conversation, you say , Its getting late and I have to get up early tomorrow, or you look at your watch and pretend to be surprised by the time.Instead of saying , This nourishment tastes horrible ,you say , This food tastes different . Instead of saying , You look terrible in this dress , you are likely to say , I like the dress you wore yesterday. Howe ver, different people have different ideas some people think that talking directly can show the point clearly and others think that being indirect can be much more polite otherwise, they think that talking directly is rude to people.The ways that talking directly or indirectly are very important in our life. People should use these properly. These two systems can affect the communication success or failure. And sometimes the different culture also will affect the way that people talk directly or indirectly. Nevertheless, different situations and relationship are two of the most important effects. Therefore, learning how to use a right way to communicate to each other is a very important part in our life.

Ethical Awareness Essay

Ethics could be defined as the moral philosophy, which tackles the concepts of right and wrong. In the field of philosophy, ethics is concerned in the defending and recommending of ones behavior. Meanwhile, in the case of organizations, ethics enables an organization member to come up with sound and mature decisions. Ethical awareness, meanwhile, is a decisive factor in the success and the relation of members within the organizationor the society as a whole.On the other hand, ethical awareness entry refers to a series of broad characterizations representing four prominent categories of ethical philosophy. This practically helps in the analysis of an individuals perspective on ethics, according to the answers habituated to the set of questions that need to be answered. The Combined Score would most likely reflect the individuals perspective on ethics in general. The results that my rill gained showed obligation is the greatest consideration I think of when talking about ethics.It mainly involves, perhaps, my preference of those individuals who value responsibilities with emphasis on taking actions based on ethical principles. In dealing with other people, for instance, Obligation is the main factor I look into for an action or individual to be considered ethical. It means that if a person duly respond to his/her duties and responsibilities which, of course, for the greatest good, it means being ethical for me. Meanwhile, the least consideration I have, based on the results in Equity.It means that I do not consider equality as synonymous to being ethical. Perhaps, it is because Equality is not just easy to achieve since some are more equal than others, as a popular author puts it. In a society where stratification is very much evident, equality can never be a main factor for me for an individual or action to be considered ethical. The results are mainly affected of the brand of education experience I had with the years.The utilization of secondary learning strategies for ethical awareness have helped me develop or think of plans that would incorporate ethics into other aspects of the organization. Emphasis could be accustomed to active-learning approaches. The challenge in using active-learning for the facilitator is to cope with the susceptibility of each individual to ignore the importance of doing such. The active kind of learning is mainly comprised of five move Discovery of the predicament or problem within the organization Identification of the possible tools and resources that would help in finding solutions for the problems Examination or scrutiny of the alternative strategies that could be helpful in solving the problems Implementation of the specific solution that was chosen Reflection on the solution that was implemented, assessment of the consequences of the solution or the outcome. The unfreeze on ethical awareness is usually taken for granted by some individual. In reality, ethical awareness is one of the greates t and most all-important(a) factors that would determine the success or downfall of a society.Ethical awareness means fulfilling ones duties and obligations in order to contribute to the general developing of the society Collective effort is much needed for the development of a society, and without ethical awareness inferred from the individual within, there could never be an assurance that a society would develop. Aside from the benefits of ethics awareness in the sum of the society, it would also benefit each individual as it would provide them maturity, self-disclosure, and self-realization, among others.

Five reasons for pursuing higher education Essay

There are many powers or purposes behind pursuing higher education, but these may commute depending on each individual student. However many distinct reasons there may be, the majority of them washstand be grouped into flipper broad categories. The setoff of these categories relates to money, the second is the transmission of culture and history, the third has to do with esteem or neighborly class, fourth comes education for the benefit of democracy, and last is delight or own(prenominal) enjoyment.Almost everybody has a dream job, one where they do some kind of interesting work and get paid lots for it. This is one of the reasons wherefore a person would consider going beyond high school, and pursuing higher education so they can get that dream job. With degrees and Ph.D.s comes money, along with wider opportunities for the future, and less physical work. Of course, the three aforementioned traits do not always apply, but in the majority of cases they do.In cultivation mor e about your world, you can absorb some history, and in the process keep your culture alive. Culture and traditions can only survive if they are passed down from generation to generation. By examine history, you can also learn from the mistakes of those who came before you, and ensure that you do not repeat those mistakes. Good examples of this are failed strategies used in war you would definitely not want to repeat those.Some people go for degrees because they think it earns them power, respect, and esteem. Certain socialites feel that if you do not have a Ph.D., you are not deserving anything, not even a bit of their time. The third reason to pursue higher education is to appease swine like this. If you want to become one of the social elite, college is necessary.No matter how hard you try to deny it, the majority of people are dolts. In order to ensure a healthy democracy, you need soundly educated people to vote on modern issues. It is pretty obvious that if we had a bunch o f easily duped idiots voting on important matters, for example the alternative of a president, liberty all around the world could be threatened. What would happen if a complete moron were to be put in charge of a world superpower?Perhaps there would be a series of unjust wars, a few signings of acts destroying privacy, some crimes against humanity, and unnecessary bloodshed all in the name of patriotism and freedom, an obvious lie. It is important that people know their rights, how their government works, and where to draw the line. Most importantly, they need to know the difference between right and awry(p) in relation to the entire world, not just their little nook.It is possible that some people enjoy education because it expands their minds, they may see it as entertainment. This is reason enough to enroll yourself in classes. If something beneficial to everybody is what you enjoy taking part in, by all means, go ahead and do it.How does Philosophy fit into these five categori es? Philosophy, although mostly boring, can be interesting at some times which leads it to be entertaining. This class could be taken by people who enjoy learning how to better understand the workings of the human mind and/or religion. For theists, Philosophy could reinforce their faith in God, making them feel all good inside, or it could lead them to question their absurd religions, grow a pair, and stop using the church as a crutch a tie or win situation, respectively. at a time they give up their silly beliefs, they could also drop the prejudices that come with them and allow everybody to be treated equally. The less prejudiced people there are voting in this country, the better, this would lead to a stronger government with more freedom for all.In conclusion, there are five purposes for education money, history, respect, better governments, and entertainment. Philosophy fits snugly into the entertainment and governmental categories.

Comparing Walton and Victor

Comp are the characters of Victor and Walton as Shelley presents them in the early parts of the wise. What similarities are there between the characters and quests? In the early chapters of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley the character of Walton is introduced by means of a series of letters he is writing to his sister back in London (the whole unexampled is an epistolary structure) as he is on a voyage to the North Pole in hope of fulfilling his goal of a breakthrough scientific breakthrough and discovering some of natures most profound secrets.Walton is full of hope and scientific rareness and a passionate determination that he will grasp his goals I shall satiate my ardent curiosity with the sight of a part of the world never before visited, and may tread a land never before imprinted by the foot of man he wants to set himself apart(predicate) from other scientists and discover some topic altogether new, something that will bring him fame and fortune and ensure that he is reme mbered forever- he is on a journey that-he learns later in the novel-may not turn out to be the success that he thought it was, and his ardent curiosity may be his downfall in the end.His l superstarliness (I feel the bitter want of a friend) is subsided when a man on the beach of last is brought upon the ship, half dead and wretched. The man they bring on board-Frankenstein- bears a lot of similarities to Walton, from their aspirations and complete obsession to discover the undiscovered.There is however, i major struggle between these 2 characters-Frankenstein has already been in Waltons shoes and has already experienced the consequences of his endeavours-and they were not pleasant, as he relays the story to Walton, exemplar him how he has suffered capital and unparalled misfortunes through his getking of knowledge and wisdom and seeing Walton do the same, he warns him of the jeopardys of knowledge and tells of his story-his parents, his wonderful childhood, his thirst for knowledge and, most important of all, his psychoneurotic scientific curiosity that led him to misrepresent the choices he made that were ultimately his downfall.He has learned from them, a little too late, and he only hopes that Walton will heed his warning about the dangers of knowledge, and not make the same mistakes that he did, that led to his destruction. Shelley made the characters so similar in ambition and character that this evokes the thought of the doppelganger, a touristed theme amongst gothic literature. Frankenstein is almost Waltons doppelganger- everything he is, bright, mbitious-but also everything that he doesnt want to become- a wretch, a man haunted by his choices and on the brink of destruction, all because of his desire to become recognised among the scientific world and leave his mark on the world. Because of Frankensteins story Walton witnesses what the danger of knowledge can do and warns him-a kindness no one could do to Frankenstein-to not follow in his footsteps exposing him to the same dangers as he did.Frankenstein feels as he has unleashed such a horror into the world, the least he can do is to prevent other like-minded person making the same mistakes he did, and through that, not ruin his and countless lives, as if he has been so fortunate as to have someone relay their story about knowledge and destruction before he made the choices he did, he may have rethought his priorities and still be living a happy life later on the novels end. In short, Frankenstein was doing Walton a kindness by retelling his tragic story and that brings about another characteristic that Shelley wrote them to both have-they are both good men.They are deeply affectionate to their close ones heaven shower down blessings on you my beloved sister, mine to love and cherish, and their obsession fuelled by a desire to benefit the world. This evokes sympathy both in the reader and Walton, when he hears Frankensteins tragic tale-how a good man with good int entions can make choices so catastrophic that they ruin the lives of those closest to them and themselves-maybe this is why in the end Walton decides to turn back? Both men are also linked with one massive similarity-they both have an incredibly obsessive, if somewhat selfish, nature.Some of Waltons first words in the letters are If I fail you will see me soon or never he is determined that this voyage will be a success, and is prepared to die for the cause. This mirrors Frankensteins feelings later on in the novel stars would often disappear in the night sky while I worked in my laboratory-Frankensteins obsession with discovery had him pushing himself to the desexualize to accomplish his goals, sacrificing time and health, at any cost as long as he succeeded.That cost, he finds out eventually, is too high, and seeing Walton with the same obsessive nature, going on a voyage that is potentially life-threatening, he wishes him to stop and think thoroughly about whether it is worth it , something that he failed to do, as no one had interfered when he was creating the creature and warned him of the dangers, and as it is too late to repair his mistakes, he can stop Walton from letting his obsessive nature rule him-I speak up that you may deduce an apt moral from my tale- as it did Frankenstein.Walton and Frankenstein are two very similar men-both have passion, drive and determination that set them apart from other men, and give them a dangerous obsessive edge. Frankenstein has learned from his mistakes and has accepted his fate nothing can alter my destiny, and wants to make sure that another good man, so much like himself does not make the same life altering decisions that he did, searching blindly for knowledge that may be dangerous to uncover, so he retells his story to Walton in the hope of preventing him destroying his life.Walton with his drive at first in the letters to his sister mentions that does he not deserve to accomplish some great purpose? he belie ves he deserves success and has worked and will work impossibly hard to ensure his labours do not go unrecognised. But Walton also mentions that he feels the bitter want of a friend to approve or amend my plans.His prayers were answered in the form of Frankenstein, and after his tale of excruciation Walton finally decides to turn back and abandon his voyage-he listened to Frankenstein, as a brother of my heart and as an older version of him that has failed. Now, the reader wonders, if Frankenstein had the same great peril as Walton to find someone with the same drive and obsession to retell his story to him and make him stop and think thoroughly if he is doing the right thing? Would he have still made the creature?Or would he have stopped and be living happily with his living family long after the novels end? This, perhaps, is the greatest difference between Frankenstein and Walton. Walton had an older, wiser version of himself retelling his tale of misfortune that stopped Walton and potentially saved him. Frankenstein did not have that extravagance of someone older and wiser intervening in his work, so he continued carrying out his work, putting in it all of his hopes and dreams, when in reality, he was creating his own destruction.

Case Study on School Safety

Case Study on School Safety Melissa Rookard EDD 520 January 24, 2010 Leslie Faught It is evident that disciplines policies, programs, practices, physical structure, and teachers are factors internal to the groom that determine inform safety. These are the only factors that are internal to the school and within fairly complete control of schools. It is these factors that can be reformed and fitted to meet the end result of school safety. School safety is also determined to a very large extent by educatees, their criminal and new(prenominal) behaviors.Students in turn wear the dual hat of external and internal factors. They are external factors because they are part of the community and are internal factors because they are part of the school and can be disciplined to a certain extent through school policies. There was an incident at Horribly perceive Middle School in Dayton, Georgia. A young man names, Bruce, brought a gun to school and was orchestraten into custody by the Da yton Police Department on with the help of the Department Juvenile Justice. There were many key players in locating the student to insure the school safety.A student was shown the gun and account to his teacher, Mrs. Daisy. Mrs. Daisy in turn contacted her administrator and asked if he could come to the classroom. Mrs. Daisy, team leader, instructed her team to take the students to the library to check out books. Shortly after, they left an announcement came everywhere the intercom that all students and teachers remain in class until told to dismiss. Teachers were instructed to read their e-mail immediately and follow the instructions laid out in the e-mail. All teachers had to take roll and report any missing children to the front office staff.Mrs. Daisy and her team stayed in the library and check their e-mail in the library. Administrator Bob, Principal Hope, and imaging Officer Life, came to the classroom to search Bruce and taken him into custody if the weapon was indeed on him. Two additional administrators stayed in front of the classroom to ensure no one came down the hall. Office Life took Bruce into custody and he was charged with weapons on school grounds. Once Bruce was taken off school grounds school ran as normally as possible. After school and the students were gone, the staff has an emergency dexterity meeting.Principal Hope informed the faculty of the incident today and the student would not return back to school. Student was taken into Juvenile Justice Custody and no one was hurt. The student that told the teacher was also spoke to along with his parents in regards to the incident. They asked that he did not repeat was has happen to ensure students safety and parents concern. Students bring weapons to school more times than we are made aware. At HHMS, faculty and administration communicates well as was able to ensure school safety.Having students stay in the classroom or stopping all movements in the hall trends is one way to keep order and asking faculty to take roll immediately and report any missing students via e-mail to front office staff is vital. I believe HHMS handle the situation to the best of their ability. School security is the most common type of activity that administrators should specifically set up to prevent pain in the school. The most prevalent security strategy used throughout HHMS is various ways to monitor student and non-student movement within the school.The staff and administrators were in the main responsible for this task. To avoid a situation other types of security strategies could be used. Examples, are hiring special security personnel, use of metal detectors, and random searches. Schools should have both basic approaches to rules and procedures. The first approach are teachers tend to deal with all but the most serious discipline problems, including setting punishment and calling parents (if necessary). The sulphur approach tends to deal with small infractions within the classro om and then refer students to an administrator for repeated or more serious infractions.The administrator was responsible for delegate punishment and contacting parents. Regardless of the approach, consistency of rule enforcement emerged as an important issue, especially among students. It is the role of the principal in setting the overall tone in a school when it came to discipline and enforcement of rules. School staff expressed more satisfaction if the principal set clear expectations, communicated regularly with staff, and gave them a voice in school issues.

Novel vs. Book Essay

This year we had the chance to read E realthing is Illuminated by Jonathan Safran Foer, and we also watched the photo adaptation directed by Liev Schreiber. Being able to see the two settings helps out to compare the two, see the differences between the brisk and the picture show. It is very important to identify that the movie definitely changed the perspective of the story we initially read due to the adaptations that were d superstar by Schreiber.Even though, we did not read the whole book in class, a few differences can be brought out from what we read and saw regarding to this novel and movie. Everything is Illuminated is a novel written by Jonathan Safran Foer. This book was published in 2002, and due to its success, Liev Schreiber decided to adapt and direct the film with the same name, which was released in 2005. The movie starred Elijah Wood, Eugene Hutz, and Boris Leskin. The movie and the book varied greatly with the differences, and curiously the adaptations changed the end of the movie completely.The settings of the book and the movie are completely different. The book is a set of letters written by both Alex and Jonathan, while the movie is focused in the dialogue they have in their adventure through Trachimbrod trying to find Augustine. In the movie, they did not explore Trachimbrod as much as they did in the book. The same characters that are in the book appear in the movie but there are a couple of losses when it comes to the characters personalities.The very first difference that can be seen is that in the book Jonathan is a writer looking for the woman who saved his grandfather, while in the movie he is actually a collector with the same mission. It is understandable that this change was done because the viewers would not have read any of the thoughts of his thoughts, and they rather used more or less sort of symbolization about how every single thing he collects have a especial meaning to him. Another thing that has been lost in the f ilm adaptation is the growth in Alexs character.In the book, we read an Alex who transforms from this funny im hop on broken-English speaking Ukrainian to a more considerate and mature young man, who even up stands up to his abusive dad. It is a great loss character because this growth is one of the most important things that are appreciated in the book. It is a shame that it was not part of the movie because it would have been nice to how he transform from a kid to young man. Alex is not the only one who grows a character though Grandfather does too. When t comes to Grandfather, it is when we face the biggest changes between the book and the film. In the book, Grandfather is a man who abhors Jewish people and even gave up his Jewish best friend to the Nazis in order to save his family. He even feels bad after, for saving the life of whom now abuses his own children, create them trouble and those bruises. In the movie, Grandfather is a Jewish man who escaped death by the hands of the Nazis and lived the rest of his live in Ukraine pretending not to be Jewish. Also, the death of Grandfather was totally unexpected.Right after they met Lista, he committed suicide. Things should have been different when it comes to his growth as a character too. In the movie, the essence of Grandfather being a good person and feeling sorry is lost. It is bothersome to see how the movie differed greatly from the book, especially because the movie ends in the concept of a united family, and Jonathan Safran Foer did not write that at all. He emphasized Alexs growth and showed how he stood up against his dad, who abused him and Little Igor. Alex became the control of power and the one his brother will look up to.The fact that the movie did not capture that it is a great flaw from their part. Both Jonathan Safran Foer and Liev Schreiber did a good job each of them portrayed something different with their piece of work. The movie is greatly criticized by the differences from the book but Schreiber had the courage to change things up a little and see it turned out. Liev Schreiber and Jonathan Safran Foer, both emphasized history as the theme of the plot and it worked perfectly as almost the only similarity the novel and the film adaptation had.

Famous Igneous Rocks

piece of writing Assignment Famous fervent Rocks25 Points most very noteworthy stone products are made out of torrid rocks. Selectoneof the items in the list below and do some research on it. Then write a imaginative story about the travels or life history of the rock that makes up the item.Your story can be as creative as you like but must at least include * An account of the conditions under which the igneous rock was formed in the first place * What the product is instantly, where it is located, and why it is famous For example, if you choose an item made of granite, explain under what conditions granite forms, and then explain how your item is used today or why it is famous and where someone could find it. Do not exceed one typed scallywag in length. Choose from the following items * Mt. Rushmore (made of granite) * Plymouth Rock (the actual rock, not the place) (made of dacite) * the Rosetta Stone (made of dacite) the Easter Island Statues (made of several igneous rocks , including basalt) * the Code of Hammurabi (made of diorite) * the Roman Pantheon (made of granite) * rock samples brought back from the moon during the Apollo 15 mission (made of anorthosite, an igneous rock that has a texture and composition similar to granite) Submit your completed assignment to theWriting Assignment Famous Igneous Rocksassignment link for grading. For more information on how this assignment will be graded, review theWriting Assignment Famous Igneous Rocks Rubric.

City of Mumbai (Bombay) Essay

T experiences and cities have a long history in our world, provided opinions go on whether any particular ancient settlements can be considered to be a city. The first rightful(a) towns are sometimes regard as abundant settlements where the communitys were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding area, just now began to take on specialized occupations, and where trade, food storage and power was centralized. By definition of the city, the first we cognise of were located in Mesopotamia and in Egypt along the Nile. Before this time it was uncommon for communities to reach considerable size, although in that respect were exceptions such as Jericho and Mehrgarh.Among the early cities, Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley Civilization was the largest, with an estimated population of 41,250 , as well as the well-nigh developed in many ways, as it was the first to use urban planning, municipal governments, grid plans, drainage, acme toilets, urban sanitation systems, and sewage s ystems. Our course examines politics and government of selected cites such as Chicago and Miami, this composing will shed light on Mumbai, one the worlds most important and fast-paced wrenching city.Mumbai is the most populated city in the all of India and the home of world renowned Bollywood, heretofore there are steady many that have never even heard of the city. This is mostly delinquent in fact to its recent arrive at change the majority of people around the world still refer this city as Bombay but in 1995 the major city went under a name change and now goes by the name of Mumbai. Present- daytime Mumbai was originally a group seven islands, and artifacts tack together near Kandivali, in northern Mumbai indicate that these islands had been inhabited since the Stone Age. Documented evidence of human home dates back to 250 BC, when it was cognise as Heptanesia. In 1534, the Portuguese took over the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, and named it Bom Baia, Portuguese f or good bay.In 1668 these islands were leased to the British East India Company which founded a deep harbor on the east sliding board of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. Not long after, the population rose from 10,000 in 1661, to almost 6 times that in the next fifteen years. The year 1869 tag the opening of the Suez Canal, which transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea. Over the next few decades the city grew into a major urban centre, this was spurred by major improvements in infrastructure and theconstruction of many of the citys institutions.Indias independence in 1947 labeled the city as the official capital of Bombay State, and in 1950 with the internalisation of the southern parts of Salsette Island, the city expanded to its present limits. Until the 1970s Calcutta remained as Indias most populous city, but thanks to a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, Bombay would overtake Cal cutta and to this day hold the title of Indias most populous city. And finally as stated earlier, in 1995, the city was renamed Mumbai by the government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local appellations.As of today the population of Mumbai is approximately 13 million, with a staggering density of roughly 29,000 persons per square kilometer. The proportionality of women to men is about 81% this gap is created by working males who come from rural areas. Mumbais boilers suit literacy rate is above 86%, which is higher than the national average. Another surprising figure is the low aversion rate for a city of its size, Mumbai has a moderate crime rate. Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is lot 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The most common language spoken on streets of Mumbai is an informal form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya, which can be best described as a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Indian position and som e invented words.Unfortunately, Mumbai suffers urbanization problems resembling those in many fast growing cities in developing countries such as the ones we study in the course. Issues of widespread poverty, poor public health and high unemployment affect a large section of the population. Also, with little available space to live, Mumbai inhabitants often reside in overcrowded, yet expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, which leads them to make long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged air pollute roadways. According to the Business Week, around 45-48% of the population lives in shantytowns and slums.Mumbai is known across the world as the commercial, but primarily, entertainment capital of India. When focusing on Mumbai its impossible to ignore its entertainment industry. Most of Indias major television and satellite networks are headquartered in Mumbai, as well as its majorpublication houses. It is hard to find someone, even all the way here in Montreal that h asnt seen a Bollywood movie. solely its not all lights, camera, action in Mumbai, the city also houses important financial institutions, such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India as well as the integrated headquarters of many Indian companies. Thanks to its immense business opportunities and the relatively high standard of victuals Mumbai has attracted people from all over India and around the world which makes it a hodgepodge of diverse communities and cultures.The bulk of Mumbais prosperity is no longer due to the textile mills and the seaport, the local economy has been diversified to take financial services, engineering, diamond polishing, health care and information technology. Mumba contributes 10% of Indias factory employment, 40% of income tax collections, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of foreign trade and Rupees 40 billion (US$ 9 billion) in corporate taxes. The city is run by the Brihanmumbai municipal Corporation (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation), with executive power vested in the Municipal Commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the state government. The Corporation comprises 227 instantaneously elected Councilors representing the twenty four municipal wards .Mumbai isnt immune to the commuting nightmares that face the citizens of most contemporaneous metropolitans. The general public, even those considered the upper class, rely on public transport to travel to and from their workplace. The lack of car parking spaces, horrendous traffic and poor road conditions makes it pointless for even those who can afford it, to own a vehicle. None the less, Mumba is a very unique city, already over 13 million citizens it continues to grow but at the same time continues to prosper and become one of the greatest cities of the 21st century.

Padma Bridge

1. Overview Padma tide over is one of study come onstanding stem required for balanced sparing organic evolution of Bangladesh. It is anticipated that the sodding(a) internal product of the would ontogenesis by 2 per cent once the distich was shited. The duo, which would connect the s byhwestward theatrical role with the stick approximately of the country, could be used for the trans-Asian route the minister said adding The link ordain sponsor gear up industrialisation in the region too. Environmental impact of the pair would be assessed during the conceptualization of design. Government is give upeavouring to start winding of the proposed Padma Bridge in 2011 to comple it by 2014. The twain to be make at an estimated more than twenty thousand crore TK would be, the broadest bridge in the country with 6. 15km length and 25m width, he added. The bridge give prep atomic number 18 four lanes and a rail track in the middle. The bridge allow for in any case engender a gas transmission pipeline, power transmission line and telecommunication cable.The Jamuna Multi-Purpose Bridge Authorities (JMBA) that looked afterwards large bridge views, in a study in 2005 estimated that 918. 76 hect ares of land would be ask to be acquired on both the slopes of Padma Bridge. The land acquisition salute is estimated at 3. 2 one million million taka ( about 46 billion U. S. dollars), said the study. According to a survey by JICA, nearly 30,000 people allow for escape their lands referable to land acquisition for grammatical construction of the bridge. The 6. 5 km long 22-metre wide, four lane bridge on the river Padma connecting Mawa (35km south of Dhaka) in Munshiganj with Jazira in Madaripur is too apt(predicate) to contribute hugely to the functioning of the Mongla fashion in Bagerhat, the second seaport of the country that fails to attract cargo ships owing to poor communications. The decision to construct the bridge was taken back i n 2001 but dilly-dally over selecting the construction sites delayed the process. 2. launchingThe ternion study rivers of Bangladesh the Padma, Brahmaputra-Jamuna and the Meghna divide the country into four principal regions much(prenominal) as north-west, north central, eastern and south-west regions. The Padma River make outs the souwest region from the capital city and requires time consuming ferry foolings to major destinations. At present, liftation of passengers and freight across the river is by ferries and to a lesser extent by launches and manually-operated boats, but their serve are grossly in passable in both capacity and service take aim.The active ferry serve involve long and unpredictable waiting time at terminals lacking basic service facilities. They are prone to suspension or cigarettecellation due to flood, fog and inclement weather civilises. The proposed Padma Bridge is judge to make cross-Padma transport more reliable and drasti pealy reduce the travel time and cost across the river. The proposed bridge plans to constitute a multipurpose ford with supernumerary utilities like rail, telephone, gas and power lines across the Padma.It is designed to ask out the last major physical barrier in the road connection between Dhaka and the souwest region of Bangladesh, where about one quarter of the population of Bangladesh is living. The bridge lead shorten the outgo from the South-west to Dhaka by 100 km and travelling time will considerably be reduced. The get a line is viewed as a rattling important infrastructure and transportation net represent, which will hugely facilitate social, scotch and industrial using of this relatively underdeveloped region of the country.The padma Bridge will help to stimulate economic activity in the SW region by providing a reliable and rapid transport connection. It is estimated in the feasibility study that the puke will increase the gross national product by 1. 2% and that of South-W est share by 2. 3%. The Padma Bridge is on the Asian bridle-path Route A-1 and Trans-Asian Railway Route. When the railway will be encumbranceively connected, the Padma Bridge will contribute to the multimodal international transport net practice for the Eastern piece of the Indian sub-continent and substantial benefit to GoB for bi-lateral cargo movement between India and Bangladesh. 3. PROJECT COMPONENTSAmong the project components important(prenominal) bridge is by far the prime component of the project covering about 50% of the project cost. The main components of the Padma Multi-Purpose Bridge get wind consist of * A 6. 15km long two-level steel corbel main bridge. (four-lane shared out path on acquit and single track rail on the bottom deck) * The Approach passage to the bridge consisting of a 12. 4 km four-lane divided mellowway and includes five minor connect of one hundred fifty270m length over topical anaesthetic waterways, 21 drainage box culvert and 8 to pical anaesthetic road underpasses. * Transition structures that includes the Approach Viaduct at Mawa length of 721. 50m and 756. 788m for the northbound and southbound carriageways respectively. The length of the Approach Viaduct at Janjira is 873. 250m and 797. 315m for the northbound and southbound carriageways respectively * Bridge End Facilities on both sides of the river that includes Toll Plazas and Service Areas * Access roads thoroughgoinging about 8. 9 km and 14. 5 km of service road. * Four Resettlement villages (two on the Mawa side and two on the Janjira side). 4. MAIN BRIDGE The organic length of the main bridge is 6150m and the main bridge is connected to onward motion viaducts on both ends and overall width of the bridge is 22. m. The main bridge is in the form of composite steel truss with two levels, railway at lower deck level and highway at upper deck level suitable for fast track construction. Longitudinally, the main truss is in the form of a continuous warren truss and the concrete roadway slab is connected to the top chord by shear stud. The railway deck comprises longitudinal steel beams spanning between lower cross beams and a concrete railway slab which is also compositely connected to the beams. The roadway slab is reinforced concrete in the thwartwise coachion, and is a pre-stressed concrete structure in the longitudinal curbion.There are 41 spans each 150 m in length optimized in the computer program. It is sub-divided into 7 continuous bridge facultys, and each module is comprised of 5 or 6 spans. At the inter portray between adjacent modules, a movement interchangeable is present to accommodate the movement due to various actions. The major mint of the bridge is flat (0% plumb gradient) except at the two ends the bridge level decreases with approximately 0. 5% vertical gradient to fulfil with the adjacent approach viaducts. The horizontal alignment of the bridge consists of straight sections, curved sections with onstant radius and short convert curves. The tightest radius is found in Module 7, where the radius is 3000 metres. 5. CROSSING REQUIREMENTS The bridge is to carry the pursual facilities Highway The bridge is required to carry a dual two-lane carriageway road with a design trade speed of 100km/hr. Each carriageway shall comprise two 3. 5 meter wide traffic lanes accession a 2. 5 meter wide hard shoulder and 650mm wide median. The bridge is intended to carry fit out vehicles only. Railway Provision shall be made for future addition of a single track broad(a) gauge railway along the bridge.The railway is proposed to be an extension of the Indian Railways Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) and is likely to be part of the Trans-Asian Railway. The design rail speed is 160km/hr for passenger trains and 125 km/hr for freight trains. Power infection Line The bridge will be required to carry a high voltage power transmission line with a capacity of 400kV as part of the growing power su pply network in south west Bangladesh. High Pressure Gas Transmission Line A 30 inch (76 cm) diameter gas pipe is to be carried by the bridge, which is expected to operate at a crush of. 1135 psi.The gas pipe shall be hydro tested to a pressure of 1710 psi in accordance with procedures ap usherd by Petrobangla. The high pressure gas main shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of Petrobangla with reference to appropriate recognized international design standards such as the American 6. BRIDGE VIADUCTS The viaduct spans are separated into the approach road and the railway viaducts. The main bridge is a two level structure which required a challenging task in the arrangement of the viaducts to separate the railway from the highway and election options were considered during the Scheme Design Phase of the project.There are a total of four viaducts supporting the highway, two on each side of the river. The length of the approach road viaducts ranged from 720m to 875m lon g and consists of 38m spans. The superstructure consists of precast, pre-tensioned concrete Super-T girders which will compel the first Super-T girder structure to be constructed in Bangladesh. The Super-T girder is an economical beam unremarkably used on highway bridges in Australia and is becoming more widespread on projects throughout Asia. The introduction of the Super-T girder to Bangladesh presents an opportunity for future use on other projects throughout the country.There is a total of two viaducts supporting the railway, one on each side of the river. The length of the railway viaducts ranged from 2. 36km to 2. 96km and consists of 38m spans similar to the approach road viaducts. The superstructure consists of precast, post-tensioned concrete I-girders. The detailed design of the viaduct structures posed rough major challenges in bridge technology specifically involving earthquakes under soil conditions highly susceptible to significant depths of liquefaction. A multi m odal response spectra abbreviation was used to analyse and the design the viaducts for a seismic event with a return period of 475 eld.This radical describes the dynamic analysis procedure and the design features of the structure to withstand these seismic events. A handing over sour grass is located at the interface of the viaduct spans to the river spans and supports the end spans of the main bridge, the approach road viaduct structure and the railway viaduct structure. The transition pier also provided the location for the diversion of the gas pipe, power cables and telecommunication utilities located on the main bridge whilst also enclosing an access stair nearly for inspection, maintenance and emergency evacuations. 7. SITE SELECTIONFour alternative bridge sites were identified as alternative locations in the following areas Site-1Paturia-Goalundo Site-2 Dohar-Charbhadrasan Site-3 Mawa-Janjira Site-4 Chandpur-Bhedarganj Four alternative locations were examined from the view points of existing transport of the project area, traffic demand forecast, preliminary river study and technical consideration in highway planning, preliminary bridge planning, environmental & social consideration. JICA study team considers site-1 and site-3 to be most advantageous for a unsanded placed crossing and recommends these sites for further study until Interim report.Survey conduces Estimated amount of land to be acquired is almost same (about 1,250 ha ) in both cases The number of affected households / structure varies due to differences in population density Current estimate provokes- Mawa Janjira 70,000 to 80,000 Paturia Goalundo 40,000 to 45,000 trade Study and Economic Analysis (Main Work Items) 1) occupation Surveys ( merchandise counts, OD Survey) 2) Establishment of Future Socioeconomic Framework (Population, GDP, GRDP) 3) Traffic Demand Forecast (Target year 2025) 4) balk of Economic Feasibility 5) Economic Impacts of the Padma Bridge ) Improvement o f Accessibility 2) Regional Economic growth 3) arrangement of International Road Network Summary of Comparisons of Two Sites from traffic and Economic orientate of View paygrade Criteria Paturia-Goalundo Mawa-Janjira Traffic Demand (2025) 19,850 vehicles/day 41,550 vehicles/day Economic Feasibility EIRR=9. 6% EIRR=16. 9% Financial draw Cost (Million US$) 1,260 1,074 Improvement of Accessibility (Travel time) Dhaka Mongla Dhaka Benapole (Beneficiary Population) at bottom 3 hours from Dhaka Within 4 hours from Dhaka 4. 5 hours 4. 6 hours ,791,000 (9%) 12,738,000 (42%) 3. 6 hours 3. 6 hours 10,417,000 (35%) 22,247,000 (74%) Density of Feeder Roads No big difference Formation of International Road Network Asian Highway A-1. Short blank to Benapole Land Port and Mongla Sea Port Regional Economic Development GDP of southwesterly region will increase by 18% (1. 2% /year) GDP of Southwest region will increase by 35% (2. 3% /year) Growth centers around the bridge sites No big diff erence common mood Cost Paturia Goalundo Mawa Janjira US$ 1,260 million US$ 1,074 million Evaluation of P-G & M-J sitesEvaluation Criteria Paturia Goalundo Mawa Janjira Economic Feasibility EIRR 9. 6% 16. 9% B/C Ratio 0. 71 1. 81 NPV (Mil. Taka) -9,857 23,140 Regional Development Increase of GRDP of Southwest Region 18% up (1. 2% per year) 35% up (2. 3% per year) Environmental Impact Result of IEE No big difference Social impact and Resettlement Issues Households requiring relocation 1,842 2,635 Community structures affected 18 60 make sense population affected (both direct and indirect) 40,000-45,000 70,000-80,000 Preliminary RAP cost 23. 7 mil. US$ 38. 79 mil.US$ Traffic Demand Forecast of the Padma Bridge Traffic Volumes across PadmaRiver (both ways 2003 From Traffic Survey) Paturia-Goalundo Mawa-Jajira Cross-Padma Light Vehicle 572 128 700 Bus 687 227 914 Truck 1,217 78 1,295 Total 2,476 433 2,909 Launch Passenger 15,559 9,126 24,685 Present Traffic Movement warning At present, traffic at Mawa is lower than Paturia due to the following reasons 1) Road condition of NH 8 is now very poor. 2) A narrow approach road to the Mawa ghat. 3) Quality of ferry go at Mawa is lower than Paturia in general. ) No sufficient parking space for trucks. 5) Two hour river crossing time at Mawa is importantly longer than 35 minutes of Paturia. Future Traffic Movement Pattern Future traffic movement pattern will be drastically changed if the Padma Bridge is constructed at Mawa with following reasons 1) Improvement of NH 8 (Dhaka Khulna Road Project by ADB) will be completed by the end of 2004. 2) Direct road link from Dhaka for the largest traffic demands to Khulna and Jcssore. 3) Elimination of two hour crossing time. Criteria for last Site SelectionPreliminary moments shows greater impacts In Mawa-Janjira over Paturia site Site selection should be more on technical engineering grounds-future safety of the bridge infrastructure Major Impacts of the pr oject no matter of sites Selection of Final site Is critical to set the next agenda preparation of RAP line of work would be to minimize Impact, develop Improved policy for mitigation of adverse Impacts, management and capacity create for resettlement management Experience of the Jamuna and other donor-funded projects will be used In the planning and slaying of RAP for Padma . CONCLUSION The Padma multipurpose bridge is a long cherished hallucination of the people of the full southern region. The bridge will link the greater Khulna, Greater Faridpoor and Greater Barisal region with the rest of the country. It will give tremendous boost to national economy as the direct driving travel distance between Dhaka and this region will be greatly reduced and hustles and harassment people face in moving tradeable commodities to and from this region will be removed.The agro rich region of Barisal and Khulna can feed the rest of the country much easily. Mongla port can make greater contr ibution. Tourism industry in the bonny mangrove forest Sundarban and marvellous sea resort Kuakata will get wide boost. Nepal, Bhutan and 7 sisters around Bangladesh may utilise this bridge to use Mongla port which will give our economy a massive shot in the arm.Padma BridgePadma Bridge Padma Multipurpose Bridge Carries Motor vehicles, Railway Crosses Padma River Locale Louhajong, Munshiganj to Shariatpur and Madaripur,Bangladesh retained by Bangladesh Bridge Authority Designer Maunsell AECOM Design Truss bridge Material Steel Total length 6,150m (20,180 ft) Width 21. 10m (69. 2ft) The Padma Bridge is a multipurpose road-rail bridge across the Padma River to be constructed in Bangladesh. When completed it will be the largest bridge in Bangladesh and the first quick-frozen river crossing for road traffic.It will connect Louhajong, Munshiganj to Shariatpur and Madaripur, linking the south-west of the country, to northern and eastern regions. The project covers three districts Mun shiganj (Mawa Point/North bank), Shariatpur and Madaripur (Janjira/South bank). The total area of land to be acquired and required for its components is 918 hectares. The requisition of land for the construction yard will be for six years on a rental basis. As per the new design, an additional 144. 04 ha has been identified for acquisition, bringing the total to 1062. 14 hectares.Similar essay Padma Bridge ParagraphThis additional land is required because project site lost significant land due to erosion, for transition structures and due to a change in railway alignment. The two-level steel truss bridge will carry a four-lane highway on the upper level and a single track railway on a lower level. The project will include 6. 15km long and 21. 10 m wide bridge,15. 1km of approach roads, toll plazas and service area. Previous Source of Financing Project cost is estimated to be US$3. 00 billion. Funding for the project is provided by the Asian Development beach (US$615 m), the popul ation blaspheme ($1. billion), Japan International Cooperation result ($415 m), Islamic Development Bank ($140 m). The governing also signed a nonher $14. 84 million cartel with the IDB for the implementation of the water-supply and sanitation project in cyclone-prone coastal areas, and Abu Dhabi Development Group ($30 m). Of the total amount, the brass will provide Tk 50 million mend the rest will come in the form of project aid. The Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) invited the pre-qualification tender for the project in April 2010. Construction of the bridge was expected to commence by early 2011 and be ready for major completion in 2013 (and complete all sections by late 2015). The proposed Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project will provide direct connectivity between the central and southwestern part of the country through a fixed link on the Padma River at Mawa-Janjira points. The bridge will contribute significantly towards facilitating the social, economic and industrial d evelopment of this relatively underdeveloped region with a population of over 30 million.The area of influence of the direct benefit of the project is about 44,000km2 or 29% of the total area of Bangladesh. Therefore, the project is viewed as very important infrastructure towards improving the transportation network and regional economic development of the country. The bridge has comestible for rail, gas, electric line and fibre optic cable for future expansion. The project will be co-financed by the government of Bangladesh, the initiation Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Islamic Development Bank.The Bangladesh Bridge Authority is the executing agency of the project. Padma Bridge financing vs. word-of-mouth strategy THE Padma Bridge is a high priority national project of the Awami League government. It is a 6. 15-kilometre long and 21. 10-metre wide bridge with 15. 1-kilometre approach roads to connect the south-western d istricts with the capital. It will be a very important infrastructure for economic development of more than 30 million people. The construction work of the $2. 9 billion project was expected to begin in 2012 with financial assistance of the valet Bank ($1. billion), the Asian Development Bank ($615 million), the Japan International Cooperation Agency ($400 million) and the Islamic Development Bank ($140 million). The government is a co-financer that has already spent Tk15 billion on land acquisition and rehabilitation projects. However, the construction work became uncertain when the World Bank suspended its $1. 2 billion identification line last year alleging putrefaction conspiracy against East Pakistani officials and executives of a Canadian firm. Considering the uncertainty of the World Bank financing, the government looked for an alternative source and almost substantiate a $2. billion Malaysian fund. Meanwhile, the bank, after almost one year of unsuccessful dealings, ca ncelled the agreement on June 29. It was usual for the ministers and high officials to react against the banks accusation. However, the government standing was ambiguous when the finance minister kept the World Bank chapter open to get the decision reviewed. An alternative deal with a Malaysian company went out of the frame when the prime minister announced that the bridge would be built with internal fund, eight eld after the World Bank decision.Meanwhile, the word-of-mouth strategy in semipolitical game became dominant to whip up nationalistic sentiments. Moreover, come business organisations congratulated the prime minister, advertising their shipment to casting in the project. Padma Bridge with cause Fund The government will number the Padma bridge with its suffer funds and construction work will begin in the current fiscal year, Prime curate Sheikh Hasina announced in parliament. She said the mega project, estimated to cost around Tk 23,000 crore, would be completed wi thin fiscal year 2015-16.The prime minister was delivering her concluding speech in the budget session of the House, which was prorogued last evening. She urged the planetary lenders non to put up unnecessary obstacles to Bangladeshs development efforts. Hasinas announcement came nine days after the World Bank pulled out of the bridge project, citing a corruption conspiracy. In her address, she sketched out how her government would arrange the notes for the project from various sources.Terming unprecedented the response she had received from people in the last few days in support of the governments plan for embodimenting the bridge with local resources, Hasina said she was overwhelmed by the way they had express their enthusiasm. She added We will not bow to anybody. We can in no way accept the huge deterioration the World Bank has done to Bangladesh on lame excuses. No Bangalee can accept the allegation of corruption by the World Bank when not a single penny was released for the project. Criticising the WB for delaying her governments move to build the bridge, she said, The construction cost has increased due to the delay. I will ask the finance minister to prove compensation from the World Bank. Hasina also accused the ball-shaped lender of instigating other lending agencies, including the Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank and Jica, not to provide funds for the Padma bridge project. HOW TO RAISE FUNDS The prime minister said the government had lately estimated the construction cost of the bridge on a year-to-year basis.According to the estimate, Tk 3,197 crore will be involveed in the current fiscal year, Tk 7,868 crore in 2013-14, Tk 7,786 crore in 2014-15 and Tk 3,785 crore in 2015-16 to complete the project. Citing the allocation of Tk 55,000 crore in the ADP for this fiscal year, Hasina said she had already discussed the matter with some ministries, and they had said they would not take their integral allocations in the current years budget. It is possible to save Tk 24,000 crore from the ADP. For this, we will produce to be economical and may pose to cut some development work under different ministries.But again, construction of the Padma bridge is also development work and will generate employment for many, she said. The government would be able to begin the construction work soon, and will not waste any more time. The prime minister said the government had earmarked Tk 1,500 crore for infrastructure development and Tk 3,000 crore in the public-private partnership fund. Besides, a certain amount of money had been allocated for the Padma bridge in the budget. The government had also decided to issue sovereign bonds to collect $750 million.Besides, her government might levy a hook as was done for the construction of the Jamuna bridge. We will also welcome any foreign investment in this project, she added. Giving a breakdown of the Padma bridge costs, Hasina said Tk 15,000 crore would be spent for const ruction of the main portion of the bridge Tk 7,200 crore for river training Tk 1,281 crore for building Jajira approach road and Tk 310 crore for Mawa approach road. She said her government had already spent Tk 1, 500 crore on land acquisition and rehabilitation purposes. The Consequent Impact of Constructing Padma Bridge in Own FundBe that as it may, the question is whether the prime ministers plan to construct the Padma Bridge without external finance is realistic. According to the estimates, Tk32 billion will be needed in 2012-13, Tk79 billion in 2013-14, Tk78 billion in 2014-15 and Tk38 billion in 2015-16. The current years requirement, as announced, will be redirected from the annual development programme. The government also plans to issue sovereign bonds to collect $750 million and other gatherings will be defined in future. However, mobilisation of domestic resources has hardly been impressive in the past.Regardless of the government rhetoric, the public-private partnership has not yet taken off although Tk30 billion was allocated three years ago. In such circumstances, if the government continues to redirect funds from the ADP for the Padma Bridge, other projects will certainly be crowded out. The government is already reeling under high subsidy interference and inadequate allocation for its punch sectors. Although the inflow of remittance has kept foreign exchange reserve adequate, foreign aid for public projects has dwindled over the years. As such, receipt of foreign direct investment is much needed.In fact, did we not welcome the World Banks credit line for the Padma bridge project? Was it not highlighted in the news media? Amidst the raging global economic crisis, the government needs to realise the necessity of the soft loan from the World Bank. It needs to also have a closer looks at the countrys institutional capacity to finance such a colossal project without import of materials and without a foreign company. We might be able to prove our national capacity bypassing the World Bank, but the domestic financing for the project is highly likely to have some negative impacts on the economy.The additional bound of foreign notes for import of materials will agitate the cost of dollar for which the estimated cost of Tk230 billion is expected to increase to up to Tk300 billion. Moreover, fund accumulation from non-residents may not be steady because of downtrend in the current account balance. The current account balance, which was 3. 7 per cent of the gross domestic product in 2009-10 and is projected to decrease to 0. 3 per cent of the GDP in 2012-13, could slide to a negative value.On the other hand, devaluation of the local currency will raise the charge of imported products and will contribute to inflation. In addition, it will continue to provide additional tax burden on the taxpayers. In this context, the governments strategy to enrich domestic capacity needs to be complemented with a friendly compliance strategy to handle donors and foreign investors. It is reported that the Anti-Corruption Commission failed to comply with the World Banks requirement due to its limitation with domestic policy.However, what was the limitation for the ministers to control corruption of their personalized secretary or officials. If and when domestic resources will be allocated for the multi-billion dollar project, will the designated officials and implementing agents hesitate to divert billions of taka to their personal accounts? Ultimately, the government needs to address the corruption-related problem first and best. To this end, mere assertions of commitment will not be enough they have to be complemented with decisive and demonstrative actions.Meanwhile, people will look forward to the dream of Padma Bridge coming to reality. So, in shortly if we summarized all the disadvantages of own funding for Padma Bridge, we could get- * Mobilization of domestic resources is not impressive in our country, so there must be a huge need of importing resources. * We would need more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), because foreign exchange is not adequate in Bangladesh. * Domestic funding would prove costly for the economy in the long run. * The additional outflow of foreign currency for import of materials will raise the price of dollar. Fund accumulation from non-residents may not be steady because of downtrend in the current account balance. * Devaluation of the local currency will raise the price of imported products and will contribute to inflation. We should not build the Padma Bridge just for the sake of building it. It has to be cost-effective, financially viable and above all economically rewarding. All of these depend on minimisation of direct and indirect costs of building the bridge with domestic finance as contemplated by the government.The first and foremost issue in this context is to be fully aware of the possible risks and costs involved in domestic financing, and find a way out t o minimise them before starting the construction work. What are the possible risks that may escalate both direct and indirect costs of building the bridge with domestic funding? First comes the direct resource cost, which was estimated to be around US$ 3. 0 billion or nearly Tk 24,500 crore. Since the decision was taken to build the bridge on the basis of the feasibility study carried out by an independent agency, it can be assumed that it was found cost effective.The main indirect cost will be the impact on other economic activities and the balance of payments as a result of diverting resources, both in terms of local and foreign currency. Economists have already expressed their stage business about these indirect costs. Although the private sector cannot grow adequately if the infrastructural inadequacies are not removed, they will not build infrastructure on their own as its benefit cannot be fully internalised and priced properly to withhold the cost. This is what the economis ts call the market failure, which shifts the onus on the government.In principle, there is nothing wrong in diverting resources to build infrastructure by government which will ultimately help the private sector. The main point is to wield diversion of resources within tolerable limits so that it will not hurt the private sector significantly by squeezing the resources available to them. In the absence of sufficient sources for revenue earning, the government will have to borrow money from the banking sector to finance the bridge, limiting the resources available for the private sector to borrow from, which the economists call crowding out effect. It will also increase the interest rate raising the cost of credit for the private sector. The size of government borrowings and the extent of private sectors reliance on the banking sector will determine the actual crowding out effect. Another potential indirect effect of government borrowings may work through the stock market. When the banks are faced with liquidity crisis to give loans to the private sector, they may decide to cast from the stock market causing another nose-dive of stock price, which has just started bottoming up after a major debacle.How government borrowing affects overall growth in a developing country, where the private sector is invariably constrained by infrastructural constraints, and government is the sole provider of infrastructure, is an empirical question. Unfortunately, this issue is not adequately researched in Bangladesh. There is only one study carried out by Bangladesh Bank a couple of years ago, which shows that private investment in Bangladesh is not affected significantly by rising interest rates. This determination makes it difficult to guesstimate crowding out effects of government borrowing in Bangladesh.Moreover, 6. 3 per cent GDP growth in the last fiscal in the midst of hue and cry about the crowding out effect does not provide any clear indication of how significantly government borrowing affects overall growth in the country. Yet, the government cannot and should not completely shrug-off the likely effects of its domestic borrowing. It should leave no stone unturned to keep its borrowing from domestic sources as low as possible. It should rethink a new strategy to keep the periodical requirement of resources to meet the cost at a tolerable level.One way of doing it would be to extend the construction period to five years from three years as currently envisioned. The total cost of Padma Bridge will have both local and foreign components the former would require local currency, and the latter foreign currency. Let us review and equality the yearly requirement of taka and US dollar under different scenarios. No clear public breeding is available on the relative share of these two components. According to an expert, foreign component is about 40 per cent of the total cost.That means the government would need approximately US$1. 2 billion and Tk 1 48. 50 billion to construct the bridge, if the total cost is $3. 0 billion as originally estimated. Let us increase these amounts by 10 per cent, to $1. 32 billion and Tk 160. 38 billion, to account for inflation (as the start of the construction work has been delayed by more than a year. ) With this upward adjustment, the yearly requirement in local currency will be about Tk 32. 08 billion if the bridge is constructed in five years. This amount will increase to Tk 53. 6 billion, if the bridge is constructed in three years. Similarly, the yearly requirement in foreign currency will be US$264 million if the construction period is five years, US$440 million in case of three years. If the total cost is equally divided between local and foreign components, yearly requirement will be Tk 44. 55 billion, if the bridge is constructed in three years and Tk 26. 73 billion in case of five years. Similarly, under this alternative scenario, yearly requirement will be US$550 million and $330 mill ion respectably.Yearly requirements of taka and US dollar under different scenarios are shown in the table. As can be seen, yearly requirement of taka under any scenario does not exceed Tk 53. 46 billion. This should not be a very big problem to collect this money without any significant crowding effect in the economy to negatively affect the growth. Also, even if there is some level of crowding out effect, part of it will be compensated by the multiplier effect of government spending in the construction of the bridge.Some adjustments in the annual development programmes (which always involve some inefficient and politically move projects) will also help reduce the negative effects on resource diversion. Besides, compromise with some level of growth in the construction phase of the Bridge which will foster regional impartiality and growth (as evidenced from Banghabandhu Bridge) will not be entirely unjustifiable from economic point of view. Inter-temporal optimisation of benefits always includes some trade-off between present and future benefits.The main problem that may become a concern is the availability of US dollar to finance the foreign component of the cost. The government has already expressed its optimism to be able to face this problem by using the forex reserve, which is currently in productive shape. However, this robustness may not sustain given the volatility of the global economy as well as our export and import scenario. However, continued growth of remittances in the recent years is a plus point for the country.Yet, to minimise the risk of any probable foreign currency crisis and reduce pressure on the balance of payment, it will be prudent to extend the construction period of the bridge to five years, which will keep the yearly need of US dollar at a level of about $330 million. It is not easy for a developing and growing economy, which constantly operates under a stringent resource frontier, to invest in a huge infrastructure project lik e that of the Padma bridge. But the above numbers suggest that constructing the bridge in five years with domestic financing is very much doable contradicting the touch expressed by many. The End

Incident of the Life of a Slave Girl Essay

The autobiographical narrative Incident of the animation of a Slave Girl unveils casualties of brio faced by black women during 19th century. A superfluous attention Harriet Jacobs gives to a sexual alliance with Mr. Sand and moral values of black women. Thesis An unlawful sexual relationship with Mr. Sand described in the Narrative does not reinscribing the stereotype of the black adult female as lascivious and hypersexual, simply proves that the black women are loving and sympathetic creatures seeking for a relationship based on romantic rage.Love and romantic relations between a man and fair sex has played a crucial love in their lives. For Linda Brent, an illicit relationship with Mr. Sand means vestal relations free from social statuses and financial gain. Harriet Jacobs stresses that love and passion are typical for the black cleaning lady even if she is engaging in the illicit sexual relationship. As the most important, Harriet Jacobs underlines that the black women could not proceed beyond the constrictions of the ideology.The existence of the institution of marriage, in which men played the dominant role and wielded control, placed women at the mercy of their male counterparts. At the beginning of new millennium, there are more and more wad who prefer not to get marriage, but living together for many years trying to affirm or preserve their personal freedom and independence. The example of Linda Bret shows that in spite of all the negative life lessons Linda understands what it is to be an individual and loving woman.The autobiography portrays that the black women are not promiscuous or lascivious, but loving and sympathetic creatures. In this case, it is important to take into account the epoch and economic system of thraldom which deprived black women their rights and freedom. Linda Brent is a person who uses love as her emotional guide. exclusively love symbolizes psychological state of Linda who becomes more passionate and sympathet ic.The problems, unveiled in the autobiography, are received much publicity, because for some(a) people these problems are too intimate or dedicated, they touch personal feelings and human soul. Linda Brent is subdue by the norms and circumstances, her own narrow worldview and personal low spirits which make her dependant upon life situations. one and only(a) of the secrets of Linda Brent is her natural beauty, which lies in the way she perceives the world.Through the character of Linda Bret, Jacobs depicts that that to the black woman who had survived the illusions that freedom and marriage would provide lifelong companionship and identity, and who had come to recognize the existential solitude of all human organisms, womens liberation movement became a kind of credo. For the black women love means dream which comes true. In this sense, she is a victim because she inevitably to unravel from realities of life which she cannot change.She is a victim of social structure and class conflict which destroy human relations and hopes. The autobiography suggests something of the historical loss for women of transferring the sense of self to relationships with men. Her sexuality is still her life, just as it made her on the pillory superior to her disclosed lover. Jacobs associates shame over her ancestors with the guilty excitement she mat up in taking up the story. Her love throughout is maternal compassion for what is vulnerable to the passage of time. But her mind does not recoil from such pain Linda Bret never avoids disquieting realities. But it is precisely an indiscriminated change, this pour of undifferentiated random perceptions, which is called life.The illicit sexual relations create a feeling of guilt being one of the reasons that her sexual freedom does not take her very far. It is possible to say that despite their efforts to escape the rituals of femininity, the black women seems fated to reenact them, even though, as Jacobs recounts these scenes and revises their conventions. The values and nature of black women described by Jacobs are not lascivious or hypersexual. Modern values and realities of life support behavior and prize of Linda who wants to love and be loved.ReferencesJacobs, H. Incident of the Life of a Slave Girl. 2003. Available at http//docsouth.unc.edu/jacobs/jacobs.html